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cppmangle.d
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cppmangle.d
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/**
* Compiler implementation of the $(LINK2 http://www.dlang.org, D programming language)
*
* Do mangling for C++ linkage.
*
* Copyright: Copyright (C) 1999-2018 by The D Language Foundation, All Rights Reserved
* Authors: Walter Bright, http://www.digitalmars.com
* License: $(LINK2 http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0)
* Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/src/dmd/cppmangle.d, _cppmangle.d)
* Documentation: https://dlang.org/phobos/dmd_cppmangle.html
* Coverage: https://codecov.io/gh/dlang/dmd/src/master/src/dmd/cppmangle.d
*
* References:
* Follows Itanium C++ ABI 1.86 section 5.1
* http://refspecs.linux-foundation.org/cxxabi-1.86.html#mangling
* which is where the grammar comments come from.
*
* Bugs:
* https://issues.dlang.org/query.cgi
* enter `C++, mangling` as the keywords.
*/
module dmd.cppmangle;
import core.stdc.string;
import core.stdc.stdio;
import dmd.arraytypes;
import dmd.declaration;
import dmd.dsymbol;
import dmd.dtemplate;
import dmd.errors;
import dmd.expression;
import dmd.func;
import dmd.globals;
import dmd.id;
import dmd.identifier;
import dmd.mtype;
import dmd.nspace;
import dmd.root.outbuffer;
import dmd.root.rootobject;
import dmd.target;
import dmd.tokens;
import dmd.typesem;
import dmd.visitor;
extern (C++):
// helper to check if an identifier is a C++ operator
enum CppOperator { Cast, Assign, Eq, Index, Call, Unary, Binary, OpAssign, Unknown }
package CppOperator isCppOperator(Identifier id)
{
__gshared const(Identifier)[] operators = null;
if (!operators)
operators = [Id._cast, Id.assign, Id.eq, Id.index, Id.call, Id.opUnary, Id.opBinary, Id.opOpAssign];
foreach (i, op; operators)
{
if (op == id)
return cast(CppOperator)i;
}
return CppOperator.Unknown;
}
const(char)* toCppMangleItanium(Dsymbol s)
{
//printf("toCppMangleItanium(%s)\n", s.toChars());
OutBuffer buf;
scope CppMangleVisitor v = new CppMangleVisitor(&buf, s.loc);
v.mangleOf(s);
return buf.extractString();
}
const(char)* cppTypeInfoMangleItanium(Dsymbol s)
{
//printf("cppTypeInfoMangle(%s)\n", s.toChars());
OutBuffer buf;
buf.writestring("_ZTI"); // "TI" means typeinfo structure
scope CppMangleVisitor v = new CppMangleVisitor(&buf, s.loc);
v.cpp_mangle_name(s, false);
return buf.extractString();
}
/******************************
* Determine if sym is the 'primary' destructor, that is,
* the most-aggregate destructor (the one that is defined as __xdtor)
* Params:
* sym = Dsymbol
* Returns:
* true if sym is the primary destructor for an aggregate
*/
bool isPrimaryDtor(const Dsymbol sym)
{
const dtor = sym.isDtorDeclaration();
if (!dtor)
return false;
const ad = dtor.isMember();
assert(ad);
return dtor == ad.primaryDtor;
}
private final class CppMangleVisitor : Visitor
{
alias visit = Visitor.visit;
Objects components; // array of components available for substitution
OutBuffer* buf; // append the mangling to buf[]
Loc loc; // location for use in error messages
final:
bool substitute(RootObject p)
{
//printf("substitute %s\n", p ? p.toChars() : null);
auto i = find(p);
if (i >= 0)
{
//printf("\tmatch\n");
/* Sequence is S_, S0_, .., S9_, SA_, ..., SZ_, S10_, ...
*/
buf.writeByte('S');
if (i)
{
// Write <seq-id> to buf
void write_seq_id(size_t i)
{
if (i >= 36)
{
write_seq_id(i / 36);
i %= 36;
}
i += (i < 10) ? '0' : 'A' - 10;
buf.writeByte(cast(char)i);
}
write_seq_id(i - 1);
}
buf.writeByte('_');
return true;
}
return false;
}
/******
* See if `p` exists in components[]
*
* Note that components can contain `null` entries,
* as the index used in mangling is based on the index in the array.
*
* If called with an object whose dynamic type is `Nspace`,
* calls the `find(Nspace)` overload.
*
* Returns:
* index if found, -1 if not
*/
int find(RootObject p)
{
//printf("find %p %d %s\n", p, p.dyncast(), p ? p.toChars() : null);
if (p.dyncast() == DYNCAST.dsymbol)
if (auto ns = (cast(Dsymbol)p).isNspace())
return find(ns);
foreach (i, component; components)
{
if (p == component)
return cast(int)i;
}
return -1;
}
/**
* Overload which accepts a Namespace
*
* It is very common for large C++ projects to have multiple files sharing
* the same `namespace`. If any D project adopts the same approach
* (e.g. separating data structures from functions), it will lead to two
* `Nspace` objects being instantiated, with different addresses.
* At the same time, we cannot compare just any Dsymbol via identifier,
* because it messes with templates.
*
* See_Also:
* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=18922
*
* Params:
* ns = C++ namespace to do substitution for
*
* Returns:
* Index of the entry, if found, or `-1` otherwise
*/
int find(Nspace ns)
{
foreach (i, component; components)
{
if (ns == component)
return cast(int)i;
if (component && component.dyncast() == DYNCAST.dsymbol)
if (auto ons = (cast(Dsymbol)component).isNspace())
if (ns.equals(ons))
return cast(int)i;
}
return -1;
}
/*********************
* Append p to components[]
*/
void append(RootObject p)
{
//printf("append %p %d %s\n", p, p.dyncast(), p ? p.toChars() : "null");
components.push(p);
}
/************************
* Determine if symbol is indeed the global ::std namespace.
* Params:
* s = symbol to check
* Returns:
* true if it is ::std
*/
static bool isStd(Dsymbol s)
{
return (s &&
s.ident == Id.std && // the right name
s.isNspace() && // g++ disallows global "std" for other than a namespace
!getQualifier(s)); // at global level
}
/******************************
* Write the mangled representation of a template argument.
* Params:
* ti = the template instance
* arg = the template argument index
*/
void template_arg(TemplateInstance ti, size_t arg)
{
TemplateDeclaration td = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration();
assert(td);
TemplateParameter tp = (*td.parameters)[arg];
RootObject o = (*ti.tiargs)[arg];
if (tp.isTemplateTypeParameter())
{
Type t = isType(o);
assert(t);
t.accept(this);
}
else if (TemplateValueParameter tv = tp.isTemplateValueParameter())
{
// <expr-primary> ::= L <type> <value number> E # integer literal
if (tv.valType.isintegral())
{
Expression e = isExpression(o);
assert(e);
buf.writeByte('L');
tv.valType.accept(this);
auto val = e.toUInteger();
if (!tv.valType.isunsigned() && cast(sinteger_t)val < 0)
{
val = -val;
buf.writeByte('n');
}
buf.print(val);
buf.writeByte('E');
}
else
{
ti.error("Internal Compiler Error: C++ `%s` template value parameter is not supported", tv.valType.toChars());
fatal();
}
}
else if (tp.isTemplateAliasParameter())
{
Dsymbol d = isDsymbol(o);
Expression e = isExpression(o);
if (d && d.isFuncDeclaration())
{
bool is_nested = d.toParent() &&
!d.toParent().isModule() &&
(cast(TypeFunction)d.isFuncDeclaration().type).linkage == LINK.cpp;
if (is_nested)
buf.writeByte('X');
buf.writeByte('L');
mangle_function(d.isFuncDeclaration());
buf.writeByte('E');
if (is_nested)
buf.writeByte('E');
}
else if (e && e.op == TOK.variable && (cast(VarExp)e).var.isVarDeclaration())
{
VarDeclaration vd = (cast(VarExp)e).var.isVarDeclaration();
buf.writeByte('L');
mangle_variable(vd, true);
buf.writeByte('E');
}
else if (d && d.isTemplateDeclaration() && d.isTemplateDeclaration().onemember)
{
if (!substitute(d))
{
cpp_mangle_name(d, false);
}
}
else
{
ti.error("Internal Compiler Error: C++ `%s` template alias parameter is not supported", o.toChars());
fatal();
}
}
else if (tp.isTemplateThisParameter())
{
ti.error("Internal Compiler Error: C++ `%s` template this parameter is not supported", o.toChars());
fatal();
}
else
{
assert(0);
}
}
/******************************
* Write the mangled representation of the template arguments.
* Params:
* ti = the template instance
* Returns:
* true if any arguments were written
*/
bool template_args(TemplateInstance ti, int firstArg = 0)
{
/* <template-args> ::= I <template-arg>+ E
*/
if (!ti || ti.tiargs.dim <= firstArg) // could happen if std::basic_string is not a template
return false;
buf.writeByte('I');
foreach (i; firstArg .. ti.tiargs.dim)
{
TemplateDeclaration td = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration();
assert(td);
TemplateParameter tp = (*td.parameters)[i];
/*
* <template-arg> ::= <type> # type or template
* ::= X <expression> E # expression
* ::= <expr-primary> # simple expressions
* ::= I <template-arg>* E # argument pack
*/
if (TemplateTupleParameter tt = tp.isTemplateTupleParameter())
{
buf.writeByte('I'); // argument pack
// mangle the rest of the arguments as types
foreach (j; i .. (*ti.tiargs).dim)
{
Type t = isType((*ti.tiargs)[j]);
assert(t);
t.accept(this);
}
buf.writeByte('E');
break;
}
template_arg(ti, i);
}
buf.writeByte('E');
return true;
}
void source_name(Dsymbol s)
{
//printf("source_name(%s)\n", s.toChars());
if (TemplateInstance ti = s.isTemplateInstance())
{
if (!substitute(ti.tempdecl))
{
append(ti.tempdecl);
const name = ti.tempdecl.toAlias().ident.toString();
buf.print(name.length);
buf.writestring(name);
}
template_args(ti);
}
else
{
const name = s.ident.toString();
buf.print(name.length);
buf.writestring(name);
}
}
/********
* See if s is actually an instance of a template
* Params:
* s = symbol
* Returns:
* if s is instance of a template, return the instance, otherwise return s
*/
Dsymbol getInstance(Dsymbol s)
{
Dsymbol p = s.toParent();
if (p)
{
if (TemplateInstance ti = p.isTemplateInstance())
return ti;
}
return s;
}
/********
* Get qualifier for `s`, meaning the symbol
* that s is in the symbol table of.
* The module does not count as a qualifier, because C++
* does not have modules.
* Params:
* s = symbol that may have a qualifier
* s is rewritten to be TemplateInstance if s is one
* Returns:
* qualifier, null if none
*/
static Dsymbol getQualifier(Dsymbol s)
{
Dsymbol p = s.toParent();
return (p && !p.isModule()) ? p : null;
}
// Detect type char
static bool isChar(RootObject o)
{
Type t = isType(o);
return (t && t.equals(Type.tchar));
}
// Detect type ::std::char_traits<char>
static bool isChar_traits_char(RootObject o)
{
return isIdent_char(Id.char_traits, o);
}
// Detect type ::std::allocator<char>
static bool isAllocator_char(RootObject o)
{
return isIdent_char(Id.allocator, o);
}
// Detect type ::std::ident<char>
static bool isIdent_char(Identifier ident, RootObject o)
{
Type t = isType(o);
if (!t || t.ty != Tstruct)
return false;
Dsymbol s = (cast(TypeStruct)t).toDsymbol(null);
if (s.ident != ident)
return false;
Dsymbol p = s.toParent();
if (!p)
return false;
TemplateInstance ti = p.isTemplateInstance();
if (!ti)
return false;
Dsymbol q = getQualifier(ti);
return isStd(q) && ti.tiargs.dim == 1 && isChar((*ti.tiargs)[0]);
}
/***
* Detect template args <char, ::std::char_traits<char>>
* and write st if found.
* Returns:
* true if found
*/
extern (D) bool char_std_char_traits_char(TemplateInstance ti, string st)
{
if (ti.tiargs.dim == 2 &&
isChar((*ti.tiargs)[0]) &&
isChar_traits_char((*ti.tiargs)[1]))
{
buf.writestring(st.ptr);
return true;
}
return false;
}
void prefix_name(Dsymbol s)
{
//printf("prefix_name(%s)\n", s.toChars());
if (substitute(s))
return;
auto si = getInstance(s);
Dsymbol p = getQualifier(si);
if (p)
{
if (isStd(p))
{
TemplateInstance ti = si.isTemplateInstance();
if (ti)
{
if (s.ident == Id.allocator)
{
buf.writestring("Sa");
template_args(ti);
append(ti);
return;
}
if (s.ident == Id.basic_string)
{
// ::std::basic_string<char, ::std::char_traits<char>, ::std::allocator<char>>
if (ti.tiargs.dim == 3 &&
isChar((*ti.tiargs)[0]) &&
isChar_traits_char((*ti.tiargs)[1]) &&
isAllocator_char((*ti.tiargs)[2]))
{
buf.writestring("Ss");
return;
}
buf.writestring("Sb"); // ::std::basic_string
template_args(ti);
append(ti);
return;
}
// ::std::basic_istream<char, ::std::char_traits<char>>
if (s.ident == Id.basic_istream &&
char_std_char_traits_char(ti, "Si"))
return;
// ::std::basic_ostream<char, ::std::char_traits<char>>
if (s.ident == Id.basic_ostream &&
char_std_char_traits_char(ti, "So"))
return;
// ::std::basic_iostream<char, ::std::char_traits<char>>
if (s.ident == Id.basic_iostream &&
char_std_char_traits_char(ti, "Sd"))
return;
}
buf.writestring("St");
}
else
prefix_name(p);
}
source_name(si);
if (!isStd(si))
/* Do this after the source_name() call to keep components[]
* in the right order.
* https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17947
*/
append(si);
}
void cpp_mangle_name(Dsymbol s, bool qualified)
{
//printf("cpp_mangle_name(%s, %d)\n", s.toChars(), qualified);
Dsymbol p = s.toParent();
Dsymbol se = s;
bool write_prefix = true;
if (p && p.isTemplateInstance())
{
se = p;
if (find(p.isTemplateInstance().tempdecl) >= 0)
write_prefix = false;
p = p.toParent();
}
if (p && !p.isModule())
{
/* The N..E is not required if:
* 1. the parent is 'std'
* 2. 'std' is the initial qualifier
* 3. there is no CV-qualifier or a ref-qualifier for a member function
* ABI 5.1.8
*/
if (isStd(p) && !qualified)
{
TemplateInstance ti = se.isTemplateInstance();
if (s.ident == Id.allocator)
{
buf.writestring("Sa"); // "Sa" is short for ::std::allocator
template_args(ti);
}
else if (s.ident == Id.basic_string)
{
// ::std::basic_string<char, ::std::char_traits<char>, ::std::allocator<char>>
if (ti.tiargs.dim == 3 &&
isChar((*ti.tiargs)[0]) &&
isChar_traits_char((*ti.tiargs)[1]) &&
isAllocator_char((*ti.tiargs)[2]))
{
buf.writestring("Ss");
return;
}
buf.writestring("Sb"); // ::std::basic_string
template_args(ti);
}
else
{
// ::std::basic_istream<char, ::std::char_traits<char>>
if (s.ident == Id.basic_istream)
{
if (char_std_char_traits_char(ti, "Si"))
return;
}
else if (s.ident == Id.basic_ostream)
{
if (char_std_char_traits_char(ti, "So"))
return;
}
else if (s.ident == Id.basic_iostream)
{
if (char_std_char_traits_char(ti, "Sd"))
return;
}
buf.writestring("St");
source_name(se);
}
}
else
{
buf.writeByte('N');
if (write_prefix)
{
if (isStd(p))
buf.writestring("St");
else
prefix_name(p);
}
source_name(se);
buf.writeByte('E');
}
}
else
source_name(se);
append(s);
}
void CV_qualifiers(Type t)
{
// CV-qualifiers are 'r': restrict, 'V': volatile, 'K': const
if (t.isConst())
buf.writeByte('K');
}
void mangle_variable(VarDeclaration d, bool is_temp_arg_ref)
{
// fake mangling for fields to fix https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16525
if (!(d.storage_class & (STC.extern_ | STC.field | STC.gshared)))
{
d.error("Internal Compiler Error: C++ static non-`__gshared` non-`extern` variables not supported");
fatal();
}
Dsymbol p = d.toParent();
if (p && !p.isModule()) //for example: char Namespace1::beta[6] should be mangled as "_ZN10Namespace14betaE"
{
buf.writestring("_ZN");
prefix_name(p);
source_name(d);
buf.writeByte('E');
}
else //char beta[6] should mangle as "beta"
{
if (!is_temp_arg_ref)
{
buf.writestring(d.ident.toChars());
}
else
{
buf.writestring("_Z");
source_name(d);
}
}
}
void mangle_function(FuncDeclaration d)
{
//printf("mangle_function(%s)\n", d.toChars());
/*
* <mangled-name> ::= _Z <encoding>
* <encoding> ::= <function name> <bare-function-type>
* ::= <data name>
* ::= <special-name>
*/
TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)d.type;
buf.writestring("_Z");
if (TemplateDeclaration ftd = getFuncTemplateDecl(d))
{
/* It's an instance of a function template
*/
TemplateInstance ti = d.parent.isTemplateInstance();
assert(ti);
bool appendReturnType = true;
Dsymbol p = ti.toParent();
if (p && !p.isModule() && tf.linkage == LINK.cpp)
{
buf.writeByte('N');
CV_qualifiers(d.type);
prefix_name(p);
if (d.isCtorDeclaration())
{
buf.writestring("C1");
appendReturnType = false;
}
else if (d.isPrimaryDtor())
{
buf.writestring("D1");
appendReturnType = false;
}
else
{
int firstTemplateArg = 0;
bool isConvertFunc = false;
string symName;
// test for special symbols
CppOperator whichOp = isCppOperator(ti.name);
final switch (whichOp)
{
case CppOperator.Unknown:
break;
case CppOperator.Cast:
symName = "cv";
firstTemplateArg = 1;
isConvertFunc = true;
appendReturnType = false;
break;
case CppOperator.Assign:
symName = "aS";
break;
case CppOperator.Eq:
symName = "eq";
break;
case CppOperator.Index:
symName = "ix";
break;
case CppOperator.Call:
symName = "cl";
break;
case CppOperator.Unary:
case CppOperator.Binary:
case CppOperator.OpAssign:
TemplateDeclaration td = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration();
assert(td);
assert(ti.tiargs.dim >= 1);
TemplateParameter tp = (*td.parameters)[0];
TemplateValueParameter tv = tp.isTemplateValueParameter();
if (!tv || !tv.valType.isString())
break; // expecting a string argument to operators!
Expression exp = (*ti.tiargs)[0].isExpression();
StringExp str = exp.toStringExp();
switch (whichOp)
{
case CppOperator.Unary:
switch (str.peekSlice())
{
case "*": symName = "de"; goto continue_template;
case "++": symName = "pp"; goto continue_template;
case "--": symName = "mm"; goto continue_template;
case "-": symName = "ng"; goto continue_template;
case "+": symName = "ps"; goto continue_template;
case "~": symName = "co"; goto continue_template;
default: break;
}
break;
case CppOperator.Binary:
switch (str.peekSlice())
{
case ">>": symName = "rs"; goto continue_template;
case "<<": symName = "ls"; goto continue_template;
case "*": symName = "ml"; goto continue_template;
case "-": symName = "mi"; goto continue_template;
case "+": symName = "pl"; goto continue_template;
case "&": symName = "an"; goto continue_template;
case "/": symName = "dv"; goto continue_template;
case "%": symName = "rm"; goto continue_template;
case "^": symName = "eo"; goto continue_template;
case "|": symName = "or"; goto continue_template;
default: break;
}
break;
case CppOperator.OpAssign:
switch (str.peekSlice())
{
case "*": symName = "mL"; goto continue_template;
case "+": symName = "pL"; goto continue_template;
case "-": symName = "mI"; goto continue_template;
case "/": symName = "dV"; goto continue_template;
case "%": symName = "rM"; goto continue_template;
case ">>": symName = "rS"; goto continue_template;
case "<<": symName = "lS"; goto continue_template;
case "&": symName = "aN"; goto continue_template;
case "|": symName = "oR"; goto continue_template;
case "^": symName = "eO"; goto continue_template;
default: break;
}
break;
default:
assert(0);
continue_template:
firstTemplateArg = 1;
break;
}
break;
}
if (symName.length == 0)
source_name(ti);
else
{
buf.writestring(symName);
if (isConvertFunc)
template_arg(ti, 0);
appendReturnType = template_args(ti, firstTemplateArg) && appendReturnType;
}
}
buf.writeByte('E');
}
else
source_name(ti);
if (appendReturnType)
headOfType(tf.nextOf()); // mangle return type
}
else
{
Dsymbol p = d.toParent();
if (p && !p.isModule() && tf.linkage == LINK.cpp)
{
/* <nested-name> ::= N [<CV-qualifiers>] <prefix> <unqualified-name> E
* ::= N [<CV-qualifiers>] <template-prefix> <template-args> E
*/
buf.writeByte('N');
CV_qualifiers(d.type);
/* <prefix> ::= <prefix> <unqualified-name>
* ::= <template-prefix> <template-args>
* ::= <template-param>
* ::= # empty
* ::= <substitution>
* ::= <prefix> <data-member-prefix>
*/
prefix_name(p);
//printf("p: %s\n", buf.peekString());
if (d.isCtorDeclaration())
buf.writestring("C1");
else if (d.isPrimaryDtor())
buf.writestring("D1");
else if (d.ident && d.ident == Id.assign)
buf.writestring("aS");
else if (d.ident && d.ident == Id.eq)
buf.writestring("eq");
else if (d.ident && d.ident == Id.index)
buf.writestring("ix");
else if (d.ident && d.ident == Id.call)
buf.writestring("cl");
else
source_name(d);
buf.writeByte('E');
}
else
{
source_name(d);
}
}
if (tf.linkage == LINK.cpp) //Template args accept extern "C" symbols with special mangling
{
assert(tf.ty == Tfunction);
mangleFunctionParameters(tf.parameters, tf.varargs);
}
}
void mangleFunctionParameters(Parameters* parameters, int varargs)
{
int numparams = 0;
int paramsCppMangleDg(size_t n, Parameter fparam)
{
Type t = Target.cppParameterType(fparam);
if (t.ty == Tsarray)
{
// Static arrays in D are passed by value; no counterpart in C++
t.error(loc, "Internal Compiler Error: unable to pass static array `%s` to extern(C++) function, use pointer instead",
t.toChars());
fatal();
}
headOfType(t);
++numparams;
return 0;
}
if (parameters)
Parameter._foreach(parameters, ¶msCppMangleDg);
if (varargs)
buf.writeByte('z');
else if (!numparams)
buf.writeByte('v'); // encode (void) parameters
}
public:
extern (D) this(OutBuffer* buf, Loc loc)
{
this.buf = buf;
this.loc = loc;
}
/*****
* Entry point. Append mangling to buf[]
* Params:
* s = symbol to mangle
*/
void mangleOf(Dsymbol s)
{
if (VarDeclaration vd = s.isVarDeclaration())
{
mangle_variable(vd, false);
}
else if (FuncDeclaration fd = s.isFuncDeclaration())
{
mangle_function(fd);
}
else
{
assert(0);
}
}
/****** The rest is type mangling ************/
void error(Type t)
{
const(char)* p;
if (t.isImmutable())
p = "`immutable` ";
else if (t.isShared())
p = "`shared` ";
else
p = "";
t.error(loc, "Internal Compiler Error: %stype `%s` can not be mapped to C++\n", p, t.toChars());
fatal(); //Fatal, because this error should be handled in frontend
}
/****************************
* Mangle a type,
* treating it as a Head followed by a Tail.
* Params:
* t = Head of a type
*/
void headOfType(Type t)
{
if (t.ty == Tclass)
{
mangleTypeClass(cast(TypeClass)t, true);
}
else
{
// For value types, strip const/immutable/shared from the head of the type
t.mutableOf().unSharedOf().accept(this);
}
}
override void visit(Type t)
{
error(t);
}
/******
* Write out 1 or 2 character basic type mangling.
* Handle const and substitutions.
* Params:
* t = type to mangle
* p = if not 0, then character prefix
* c = mangling character
*/
void writeBasicType(Type t, char p, char c)
{
if (p || t.isConst())
{
if (substitute(t))
return;
else
append(t);
}
CV_qualifiers(t);
if (p)
buf.writeByte(p);
buf.writeByte(c);
}
override void visit(TypeNull t)
{
if (t.isImmutable() || t.isShared())
return error(t);
writeBasicType(t, 'D', 'n');
}
override void visit(TypeBasic t)
{
if (t.isImmutable() || t.isShared())
return error(t);