JetBrains-Academy---python

My projects:

1. Zookeeper
2. Coffee Machine
3. Simple Chatty Bot
4. Credit Calculator
5. Rock-Paper-Scissors
6. Hangman
7. Tic-Tac-Toe
8. Dominoes
9. Currency Converter
10. Arithmetic Exam Application
11. Generating Randomnes
12. The Simple Banking System
13. Bill Splitter
14. Web Scraper
15. Data Analysis for Hospitals
16. Last Pencil

1. Zookeeper

Description It's time to make your project more convenient and understandable. In this final stage, your software will be ready for use by the zoo staff. Your program should understand the habitat numbers, show the animals, and be able to work infinitely.

Objectives These are your tasks at this point: Your program should repeat the behavior from the previous stage, now in a loop. Do not forget to add an exit opportunity for the program: inputting the word exit must terminate the program. At the end of execution, it must print See you!

2. Coffee Machine

About What can be better than a cup of coffee during a break? A coffee that you don’t have to make yourself. It’s enough to press a couple of buttons on the machine and you get a cup of energy; but first, we should teach the machine how to do it. In this project, you will work on programming a coffee machine simulator. The machine works with typical products: coffee, milk, sugar, and plastic cups; if it runs out of something, it shows a notification. You can get three types of coffee: espresso, cappuccino, and latte. Since nothing’s for free, it also collects the money.

Description Let's redesign our program and write a class that represents the coffee machine. The class should have a method that takes a string as input. Every time the user inputs a string to the console, the program invokes this method with one argument: the line that user input to the console. This system simulates pretty accurately how real-world electronic devices work. External components (like buttons on the coffee machine or tapping on the screen) generate events that pass into the single interface of the program.

The class should not use system input at all; it will only handle the input that comes to it via this method and its string argument.

The first problem that comes to mind: how to write that method in a way that it represents all that coffee machine can do? If the user inputs a single number, how can the method determine what that number is: a variant of coffee chosen by the user or the number of the disposable cups that a special worker added into the coffee machine?

The right solution to this problem is to store the current state of the machine. The coffee machine has several states it can be in. For example, the state could be "choosing an action" or "choosing a type of coffee". Every time the user inputs something and a program passes that line to the method, the program determines how to interpret this line using the information about the current state. After processing this line, the state of the coffee machine can be changed or can stay the same.

Objective Your final task is to refactor the program. Make it so that you can communicate with the coffee machine through a single method. Good luck!

3. Simple Chatty Bot

Description At the final stage, you will improve your simple bot so that it can give you a test and check your answers. The test should be a multiple-choice quiz about programming. Your bot has to repeat the test until you answer correctly and congratulate you upon completion.

Objective Your bot can ask anything you want, but there are two rules for your output: • the line with the test should end with the question mark character; • an option starts with a digit followed by the dot (1., 2., 3., 4.) If a user enters an incorrect answer, the bot may print a message: Please, try again. The program should stop on the correct answer and print: Congratulations, have a nice day! at the end.

4. Credit Calculator:

Description Finally, let's add to our calculator the capacity to compute the differentiated payment. In such a kind of payment where the part for reducing the credit principal is constant. Another part of the payment is for interest repayment and it reduces during the credit term. It means that the payment is different each month. As you can see, the user has to input a lot of parameters. So it might be convenient to use command-line arguments. Suppose you used to run your credit calculator via command line like this: python credit_calc.py Using command-line arguments you can run your program this way:

python credit_calc.py --type=diff --principal=1000000 --periods=10 --interest=10 In that case, your program can get different values and not ask the user to input them. It can be useful when you are developing your program and trying to find a mistake and want to run the program with the same parameters again and again. Also, it's convenient if you made a mistake in a single parameter. You don't have to input all other values again.

To confidently work with command-line arguments in Python, check out a tutorial.

Objectives At this stage, it is required to implement these features:

the calculation of differentiated payment. To do this, the user may run the program specifying interest, count of periods and credit principal. a capacity to calculate the same values as in the previous stage for annuity payment (principal, count of periods and value of the payment). A user specifies all known parameters with command-line arguments, while a single parameter will be unknown. This is the value the user wants to calculate.

handling of invalid parameters. It's a good idea to show an error message Incorrect parameters in case of invalid parameters (they are discussed in detail below).

The final version of your program is supposed to work from the command line and parse the following parameters:

--type, which indicates the type of payments: "annuity" or "diff" (differentiated). If --type is specified neither as "annuity" nor as "diff", or it is not specified at all, show the error message.

python credit_calc.py --principal=1000000 --periods=60 --interest=10 Incorrect parameters --payment, that is a monthly payment. For --type=diff the payment is different each month, so we can't calculate periods or principal, therefore, its combination with --payment is invalid, too: python credit_calc.py --type=diff --principal=1000000 --interest=10 --payment=100000 Incorrect parameters --principal is used for calculations of both types of payment. You can get its value knowing the interest, annuity payment and periods. --periods parax

5. Rock-Paper-Scissors

Description

How about some brand new rules? The original game has a fairly small choice of options.

Extended versions of the game are decreasing the probability of draw, so it could be cool to play them.
Now, your program should be able to accept alternative lists of options, like Rock, Paper, Scissors, Lizard, Spock, or even a list. At this stage, before the start of the game, the user will be able to choose the options that will be used. After entering his/her name, the user should provide a list of options separated by a comma. For example,

rock,paper,scissors,lizard,spock

If the user inputs an empty line, your program should start the game with default options: rock. paper and scissors.

After the game options are defined, your program should output Okay, let's start

Whatever list of options the user chooses, your program, obviously, should be able to identify which option beats which, that is, the relationships between different options. First, every option is equal to itself (causing a draw if both user and computer choose the same option). Secondly, every option wins over one half of the other options of the list and gets defeated by another half. How to determine which options are stronger or weaker than the option you're currently looking at? Well, you can try to do it this way: take the list of options (provided by the user or the default one). Find the option for which you want to know its relationships with other options. Take all the options that follow this chosen option in the list. Add to them the list of options that precede the chosen option. Now you have another list of options that doesn't include the "chosen" option and has the different order of elements in it (first go the options following the chosen one in the original list, after them are the ones that precede it). So, in this "new" list, the first half of the options will be defeating the "chosen" option, and the second half will get beaten by it.

For example, the user's list of options is rock,paper,scissors,lizard,spock. You want to know what options are weaker than lizard. By looking at the list spock,rock,paper,scissors you realize that spock and rock will be beating the lizard, and paper and scissors will get defeated by it. For spock it'll be almost the same, but it'll get beaten by rock and paper, and prevail over scissors and lizard. For the version of the game with 15 options, you can look at the picture above to understand the relationships between options.

Of course, this is not the most efficient way to determine which option prevails over which. You are welcome to try to develop some other methods of tackling this problem.

Objectives

Your program should:

1. Output a line Enter your name: . Note that the user should enter his/her name on the same line (not the one following the output!)
2. Read input specifying the user's name and output a new line Hello,
3. Read a file named rating.txt and check if there's a record for the user with the same name; if yes, use the score specified in the rating.txt for this user as a starting point for calculating the score in the current game. If no, start counting user's score from 0.
4. Read input specifying the list of options that will be used for playing the game (options are separated by comma). If the input is an empty line, play with default options.
5. Output a line Okay, let's start
6. Play the game by the rules defined on the previous stages:
7. Read user's input
8. If the input is !exit, output Bye! and stop the game
9. If the input is the name of the option, then:
10. Pick a random option
11. Output a line with the result of the game in the following format (<option> is the name of the option chosen by the program): - Lose -> Sorry, but computer chose <option> - Draw -> There is a draw (<option>) - Win -> Well done. Computer chose <option> and failed
12. For each draw, add 50 points to the score. For each user's win, add 100 to his/her score. In case the user loses, don't change the score.
13. If the input corresponds to anything else, output Invalid input
14. Play the game again (with the same options that were defined before the start of the game)

6. Hangman

About

Games can help you kill time when you’re bored. But before smartphones, people played games the classic way – with paper and pencil. Let’s recreate one such game and improve your programming skills in the process. In this project, you will code Hangman, a game where the player has to guess a word, letter by letter, in a limited number of attempts. Make a program that plays Hangman with you – and good luck with the guessing!

Learning outcomes

Best project for Python Basics: uses functions, loops, lists, and other variables. The Random module is a cherry on top. Don’t be intimidated by the number of stages – they ensure that your immersion in Python is smooth and safe.

Stage 1/8: Hello, Hangman! Welcome the user: print “The game will be available soon”.

Stage 2/8: I want to play a game

For starters, let’s give the player only one chance to guess the word. Learn and use “Input” and “if” to implement this stage.

Stage 3/8: Make your choice

Let’s make the game more challenging: now it will randomly choose one of four words from a list.

Stage 4/8: Help is on the way

Enable hints in your game: let it show the total length of the word or its first three letters. Slicing will help you implement this part.

Stage 5/8: Keep trying

Use a loop to extend the number of attempts to eight. Now we’re talking!

Stage 6/8: The value of life

The outcome of the game may be fatal, which makes the game all the more exciting. Implement this feature so that players don’t lose strikes when they guess a letter right. The While loop will help.

Stage 7/8: Error!

Improve the game by handling different error cases. Repeating a letter, entering too many characters, or using non-Latin characters shouldn’t cost your player a strike.

Stage 8/8: Menu, please

While a dinner starts with the menu, our project ends with one. Create a menu for your game so that players can replay it or exit.

7. Tic-Tac-Toe

About

Everybody remembers this paper-and-pencil game from childhood: Tic-Tac-Toe, also known as Noughts and crosses or Xs and Os. A single mistake usually costs you the game, but thankfully it is simple enough that most players discover the best strategy quickly. Let’s program Tic-Tac-Toe and get playing!

Learning outcomes

After finishing this project, you'll get to know a lot about planning and developing a complex program from scratch, using functions, handling errors, and processing user input.

Stage 1/5: Welcome to the battlefield! To start things off, the program needs to be able to print any state of the field. You’ll write a serious multi-line program using a lot of prints.

Stage 2/5: The user is the gamemaster Now it’s time to analyze user input and print the state of the field depending on it. You’ll learn to address specific positions in a string to achieve the required outcome.

Stage 3/5: What's up on the field? Now we’re going to write a fully-functioning multi-line program that responds to the user’s actions and analyzes the state of the field. Not only will it tell you who is winning, but it will also determine if the situation on a given field is theoretically possible!

Stage 4/5: First move! Tic-tac-toe is not all about analysis – a game is meant to be played! Write a program that can change the state of the field, as your first real step toward a fully-functioning game application!

Stage 5/5: Fight! Finally! Thanks to this app, you can always challenge a friend to play a quick game of Tic-Tac-Toe!: Description We are at the finish line! But playing alone is not so interesting, is it? Let's combine our successes in past stages and get Tic-Tac-Toe with the ability to play from the beginning (empty field) to the result (win or draw). Now it is time to make a working game! In the last stage, make it so you can play a full game with a friend. First one of you moves as X, and then the other one moves as O.

Objectives In this stage, you should write a program that:

1. Prints an empty field at the beginning of the game.
2. Creates a game loop where the program asks the user to enter the cell coordinates, analyzes the move for correctness and shows a field with the changes if everything is ok.
3. Ends the game when someone wins or there is a draw.

You need to output the final result after the end of the game.

8. Dominoes

About

Have you ever wanted to code a game where the computer is your enemy? Well, this little project allows you to do just that. Take turns playing classic dominoes against your computer in a race to victory. Learn, how artificial intelligence can make use of simple statistics to make educated decisions. This project is all about basic concepts, put them to practice by making a fun little game.

Learning outcomes

This project is all about basic concepts. You'll work with strings, tuples, lists, conditional statements, and more.

9. Currency Converter

About

Want to convert one currency to another? You can go to your bank website and do the math by yourself. Or you can write a program to do it quickly and efficiently! The Currency Converter is a simple console program that calculates the amount of money you get by converting one currency to another.

Learning outcomes

You will learn many concepts of Python — basic types, variables, arithmetic operations, loops, and working with files. Get a taste of more advanced features — JSON format, caching, and how to work with the network. You will write a currency converter program that uses a third-party service.

What you’ll do and what you’ll learn Stage 1/6 Write a simple program that greets a new type of cryptocurrency. Stage 2/6 All of a sudden you have found a stash of crypto tokens. Write a program that calculates the number of dollars received from their sale. Stage 3/6 Read the number of conicoins, exchange rate, and a currency code as the user input. Calculate what you will receive. Stage 4/6 Find out how much you get in five other currencies after selling your conicoins. Stage 5/6 Print the actual exchange rates for USD and EUR using a 3rd party service. Stage 6/6 Pick two currencies and find their actual exchange rates. Learn how to use cache to store the information about hundreds of currencies.

10. Arithmetic Exam Application

About

Many people are fond of interactive learning. In this project, you will learn how to write an application that can facilitate solving arithmetic operations in a quick manner. The application will generate a mathematical expression for a user to solve. Implement various levels of difficulty and let the application save the results and show the progress of learning.

Learning outcomes

Learn how to handle input and output, employ the random number generator, and write the output to a file.

What you’ll do and what you’ll learn Stage 1/6 Write a mini calculator to work with numbers and simple mathematical operations.. Stage 2/6 Use the random number generator to make your tasks random. Stage 3/6 Test with one question is boring, let's add more questions! Also, we need to find a way to handle user typos.. Stage 4/6 Solving mathematical expressions is helpful, but many students prefer to get marks. Let's add marks and save the results!.

11. Generating Randomnes

About

Everyone knows that people are bad at generating random things. In this project, we will check this assumption using a small program that will predict "random" user actions. We'll see if you can beat it!

Learning outcomes

In addition to raising the metaphysical question of free will, this project will teach you to work with dictionaries and lists, as well as with simple predictive models.

What you’ll do and what you’ll learn

1. Stage 1/4 Teach your program to remember user input and filter out inappropriate symbols..
2. Stage 2/4 Write a module that will form a “user profile” based on the data collected in the previous stage.
3. Stage 3/4 Create a predictor that will guess the user's next input based on their previous keypresses. We will also validate the performance of this predictor.
4. Stage 4/4 Now we are ready to try to beat our own system in pressing random keys. Try to be as unpredictable as you can!

12. The Simple Banking System

About

You have created the foundation of our banking system. Now let's take the opportunity to deposit money into an account, make transfers and close an account if necessary. Now your menu should look like this:

1. Balance
2. Add income
3. Do transfer
4. Close account
5. Log out
6. Exit

If the user asks for Balance, you should read the balance of the account from the database and output it into the console.

Add income item should allow us to deposit money to the account.

Do transfer item should allow transferring money to another account. You should handle the following errors:

1. If the user tries to transfer more money than he/she has, output: Not enough money!
2. If the user tries to transfer money to the same account, output the following message: You can't transfer money to the same account!
3. If the receiver's card number doesn’t pass the Luhn algorithm, you should output: Probably you made a mistake in the card number. Please try again!
4. If the receiver's card number doesn’t exist, you should output: Such a card does not exist.
5. If there is no error, ask the user how much money they want to transfer and make the transaction.
6. If the user chooses the Close account item, you should delete that account from the database.

Do not forget to commit your DB changes right after executing a query!

13. Bill Splitter

About

Description It's the right time to update your dictionary with new split values to make our "Who is lucky?" feature better. First, we need to recalculate the split value for everyone. Make sure that our lucky one pays 0.

Recalculate the split value for n-1 people where n is the total length of the dictionary and update the values in the dictionary with the new split value for everyone.

If a user decides not to use the "Who is lucky" feature, print the original dictionary.

Objectives In this stage your program should perform the following steps together with the steps from the previous stages:

1. In case of an invalid number of people, "No one is joining for the party" is expected as an output;
2. Otherwise, if the user choice is Yes, re-split the bill according to the feature;
3. Round up the split value to two decimal places;
4. Update the dictionary with new split values and 0 for the lucky person;
5. Print the updated dictionary;
6. If the user entered anything else instead of Yes, print the original dictionary

14. Web Scraper

About

You will create a function that takes a website address and a number of webpages as input arguments and then goes all over the website saving every news article on the page to a separate .txt file on your computer.

Learning outcomes After finishing the project, you’ll know how to send HTTP-requests and process the responses, how to work with an external library, library documentation, and how to use it for parsing the website data. You will also find out how to make your program save results to a file with the help of Python.

Objectives

1. Improve your code so that the function can take two parameters from the user input: the number of pages (an integer) and the type of articles (a string). The integer with the number of pages specifies the number of pages on which the program should look for the articles.
2. Go back to the https://www.nature.com/nature/articles website and find out how to navigate between the pages with the requests module changing the URL.
3. Create a directory named Page_N (where N is the page number corresponding to the number input by the user) for each page. Search and collect all articles page by page; filter all the articles by the article type and put all the articles that are found on the page with the matched type to the directory Page_N. Mind that when the user enters some number, for example, 4, the program should search all pages up to that number and the respective folders (Folder 1, Folder 2, Folder 3, Folder 4) should be created. Mind also that in articles of different types the content is contained in different tags.
4. Save the articles to separate *.txt files. Keep the same processing of the titles for the filenames as in the previous stage. You can give users some feedback on completion, but it is not required.

15. Data Analysis for Hospitals

About

Description Are you ready to catch sight of your data?

Graphics are arguably the most accessible way to represent the data and its structure. Sometimes, it can help to find the main data patterns and deviations. We will use data visualization methods to conclude our dataset.

In the last stage, you need to create data visualization to answer the following questions:

What is the most common age of a patient among all hospitals? Plot a histogram and choose one of the following age ranges: 0 - 15, 15 - 35, 35 - 55, 55 - 70, or 70 - 80 What is the most common diagnosis among patients in all hospitals? Create a pie chart Build a violin plot of height distribution by hospitals. Try to answer the questions. What is the main reason for the gap in values? Why there are two peaks, which correspond to the relatively small and big values? No special form is required to answer this question There is a comprehensive explanation of violin plots by Eryk Lewinson. Hint

To answer the last question think about specializations of the hospitals in the dataset and the unit of measurement of height. Please note that the answers are independent of each other.

At this stage, we recommend using pandas visualization tools. However, feel free to use seaborn, matplotlib or any other library.

The tests to check graph content are very limited and we are sure that you can easily answer the questions without plotting any charts. Despite this, please be curious to answer them using graphs. It is a very valuable skill for a data scientist to plot and interpret the data.

Objectives Steps 1-8 are the same as in the previous stage. The fifth stage requires completing the following steps:

1. Read the CSV files with datasets
2. Change the column names. The column names of the sports and prenatal tables must match the column names of the general table
3. Merge the dataframes into one. Use the ignore_index=True parameter and the following order: general, prenatal, sports.
4. Delete the Unnamed: 0 column
5. Delete all the empty rows
6. Correct all the gender column values to f and m respectively
7. Replace the NaN values in the gender column of the prenatal hospital with f
8. Replace the NaN values in the bmi, diagnosis, blood_test, ecg, ultrasound, mri, xray, children, months columns with zeros
9. Answer questions 1-3. Output the answers in the specified format. The answers to the first two questions should be formatted as in the examples. No special form is required to answer the third question

16. Last Pencil

About

Description You've played a couple of games with your friend. After a while, you both found out that if there are 2, 3, or 4 pencils left on the table, you automatically win. It happens because a player can take 1, 2, or 3 pencils and leave the other player with only one. The other player has nothing left but to take the last pencil and lose the game.

On the other hand, if you have 5 pencils on the table, you lose. You can take 1, 2, or 3 pencils, your friend will then take 1, 2, or 3 pencils as well leaving you with the last pencil. So, it will again lead to the situation described above but vice-versa.

The same thing happens when there are 6, 7, or 8 pencils left on the table. It will eventually repeat all over again.

It's easier to get a grasp of it with a line of 10 red-green pencils. In this example, we can be sure that if both players know the winning strategy, the first one will be the winner. Here is a game process:

||||||||||

The first player has an advantage and takes 1 pencil:

|||||||||

The second player has a disadvantage, so if the second player takes any number of pencils from 1 to 3, the first player is left with a winning strategy:

1: |||||||| 2: ||||||| 3: |||||| The first player stands in a winning position and takes that number. It will lead to a losing position for the second player:

|||||

The second player stands in a losing position — if the second player takes any number of pencils from 1 to 3, the first player will be left in a winning position:

1: |||| 2: ||| 3: || The first player stands in a winning position and takes the right number of pencils. It leaves the second player with one pencil:

|

Your friend came up with the idea of creating a bot for the game a bit more replayable. Instead of taking input from two players, you need to program a bot that follows a winning strategy. If the bot's position isn't the winning one, you can program it to take any number of pencils (1, 2, or 3) at random. You can also come up with any pattern of your own for the losing position.

To make it easier to understand, the logic of the bot could look like this:

If the bot is in a losing position, the outcome of the game does not depend on his action, so if the number of pencils on the table in his turn is:

5,9,13,17... - bot takes a random number of pencils from 1 to 3 1 - bot takes the last pencil and loses If the bot is in a winning position, his goal is to take as many pencils to put his opponent in a losing position, so if the number of pencils on the table in his turn:

4,8,12,16... - bot takes 3 pencils 3,7,11,15... - bot takes 2 pencils 2,6,10,14... - bot takes 1 pencil

Objectives Implement the bot for the second of the two possible players. For example, in Who will be the first (John, Jack) John is the user and Jack is the bot (and will always be the bot).

So, if the player chooses Jack as the first player, after that input, the bot's move should be printed.

Your final objective is to expand your program. Write a solution, that can be executed for any initial number of pencils. Check each iteration whose turn is now. If it is the bot, instead of requiring input from the second player, output one line that contains the bot's move (1, 2 or 3) that follows the winning strategy. If the bot is not in the winning position, make it follow any pattern of your liking, as the tests check only the bot's winning position.