This notebook explains the quantum processing unit (QPU) programming model used for calculating structural imbalance in signed social networks, and shows how to implement it.
The notebook has the following sections:
- What is Structural Imbalance? defines and explains the structural imbalance problem.
- Formulating the Problem shows how such optimization problems can be formulated for solution on a quantum computer.
- A Toy Example codes a small structural imbalance problem to demonstrate the solution technique.
- A Real-World Example applies the solution to the data sets of the Stanford Militants Mapping Project.
Social networks map relationships between people or organizations onto graphs, with the people/organizations as nodes and relationships as edges; for example, friends form a social network. Signed social networks map both friendly and hostile relationships by assigning to edges either positive or negative values. Such networks are said to be structurally balanced when they can be cleanly divided into two sets, with each set containing only friends, and all relations between these sets are hostile. The measure of structural imbalance or frustration for a signed social network, when it cannot be cleanly divided, is the minimum number of edges that violate the social rule, “the enemy of my friend is my enemy."
Finding a division that minimizes frustration is an NP-hard graph problem (it can be viewed as an expansion of the well-known maximum cut problem). This is an example of a broad class of optimization problems well-suited to solution on D-Wave systems. Other examples include protein folding, traffic flow optimization, job-shop scheduling, and many more.
You can run this example without installation in cloud-based IDEs that support the Development Containers specification (aka "devcontainers").
For development environments that do not support devcontainers, install
requirements:
pip install -r requirements.txt
If you are cloning the repo to your local system, working in a virtual environment is recommended.
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The notebook can be opened by clicking on the
01-structural-imbalance-overview.ipynb file in VS Code-based IDEs.
To run a locally installed notebook:
jupyter notebookReleased under the Apache License 2.0. See LICENSE file.