Merge pull request #23 from edwardoughton/add_paper

Add paper

paper/paper.bib

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ @article{hall_strategic_2016
 	abstract = {There have been many calls for a more strategic, long-term approach to national infrastructure in the UK and elsewhere around the world. While appealing in principle, developing a national infrastructure strategy in practice poses major challenges of complexity and uncertainty. The UK Infrastructure Transitions Research Consortium has set out a systematic methodology for long-term analysis of the performance of national infrastructure systems. It deals with each infrastructure sector – energy, transport, digital communications, water supply, waste water, flood protection and solid waste – in a consistent framework and assesses the interdependencies between sectors. The method is supported with the world’s first infrastructure ‘system-of-systems’ model, which has been developed for long-term decision analysis in interdependent infrastructure systems. This paper presents the Nismod model’s analysis in the National Needs Assessment report launched at the Institution of Civil Engineers in October 2016.},
 	urldate = {2016-11-26},
 	journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering},
-	author = {Hall, Jim W. and Thacker, Scott and Ives, Matt C. and Cao, Yue and Chaudry, Modassar and Blainey, Simon P. and Oughton, Edward J.},
+	author = {Hall, J.~W. and Thacker, S. and Ives, M.~C. and Cao, Y. and Chaudry, M. and Blainey, S.~P. and Oughton, E.~J.},
 	month = nov,
 	year = {2016},
 	pages = {1--9},
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ @article{oughton_economic_2018
 	language = {en},
 	urldate = {2018-12-31},
 	journal = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science},
-	author = {Oughton, E.J.},
+	author = {Oughton, E.~J.},
 	month = nov,
 	year = {2018},
 	file = {Snapshot:C\:\\Users\\edwar\\Zotero\\storage\\RUYM6CK8\\acrefore-9780199389407-e-315.html:text/html}
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ @article{oughton_stochastic_2019
 	number = {9},
 	urldate = {2019-09-09},
 	journal = {Risk Analysis},
-	author = {Oughton, Edward J. and Ralph, Daniel and Pant, Raghav and Leverett, Eireann and Copic, Jennifer and Thacker, Scott and Dada, Rabia and Ruffle, Simon and Tuveson, Michelle and Hall, Jim W.},
+	author = {Oughton, E.~J. and Ralph, D. and Pant, R. and Leverett, E. and Copic, J. and Thacker, S. and Dada, R. and Ruffle, S. and Tuveson, M. and Hall, J,~W.},
 	year = {2019},
 	keywords = {Critical National Infrastructure, cyber-physical attack, infrastructure},
 	pages = {2012--2031},
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ @article{zorn_quantifying_2016
 	number = {3},
 	urldate = {2021-01-06},
 	journal = {Earthquake Spectra},
-	author = {Zorn, Conrad R. and Shamseldin, Asaad Y.},
+	author = {Zorn, C.~R. and Shamseldin, A.~Y.},
 	month = aug,
 	year = {2016},
 	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Ltd STM},
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ @article{hickford_resilience_2018
 	number = {3},
 	urldate = {2021-01-06},
 	journal = {Environment Systems and Decisions},
-	author = {Hickford, Adrian J. and Blainey, Simon P. and Ortega Hortelano, Alejandro and Pant, Raghav},
+	author = {Hickford, A.~J. and Blainey, S.~P. and Ortega-Hortelano, A. and Pant, R.},
 	month = sep,
 	year = {2018},
 	pages = {278--291},

paper/paper.md

@@ -8,10 +8,12 @@ tags:
 authors:
   - name: Edward J Oughton
     orcid: 0000-0002-2766-008X
-    affiliation:  "1"
+    affiliation:  "1,2"
 affiliations:
   - name: Geography and Geoinformation Sciences, George Mason University
     index: 1
+  - name: Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford
+    index: 2
 date: 06 January 2021
 bibliography: paper.bib
 ---
@@ -38,16 +40,14 @@ of this repository is to fill this gap.
 
 # Statement of Need
 
-Disruption in electricity supply has major ramifications for both society and the economy.
-Risk analysts have a major interest in trying to understand the potential business interuption
-impacts in order to protect societ and the economy.
+Disruption in electricity has major ramifications for both society and the economy. Risk
+analysts have a major interest in trying to understand the potential business interuption
+impacts in order to protect both society and the economy.
 
-For example, catastrophic events such as cyber-attacks are both a major risk management issue
-for governments in order to protect lives and livelihoods. However, where there is risk, there
-are also potential business opportunities for the insurance industry, which can also have a
-beneficial societal impact by sharing risk [@kelly_integrated_2016].
-
-The literature is full of infrastructure risk papers.
+For example, catastrophic events such as major cyber-attacks are a serious risk management
+issue for governments in order to protect lives and livelihoods. However, where there is risk,
+there are also potential business opportunities for the insurance industry, which can also
+have a beneficial societal impact by sharing risk [@kelly_integrated_2016].
 
 While many researchers are interested in quantifying infrastructrue cascading impacts globally,
 we are yet to have a set of open-source software models commensurate with this interest. The
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ industry and government.
 
 # Uniqueness
 
-The ``Open Source Infrastructure Risk Analytics (osira)`` is unique because it provides a
-generalizable spatially-explicit framework for quantifying direct and indirect disruption from
-infrastructure cascading failure. A geospatially explicit system-of-systems infrastructure
-model can be defined which reflects dependencies on electricity assets by other transport,
-telecoms, water and waste infrastructure systems
+The ``Open Source Infrastructure Risk Analytics (osira)`` codebase is unique because it
+provides a generalizable spatially-explicit framework for quantifying direct and indirect
+disruption from infrastructure cascading failure. A geospatially explicit system-of-systems
+infrastructure model can be defined which reflects dependencies on electricity assets by other
+transport, telecoms, water and waste infrastructure systems.
 
 As detailed in [@oughton_stochastic_2019], this approach can be integrated into assessments
 focusing on threat identification, threat manifestation, quantification of infrastructure
@@ -71,13 +71,14 @@ effects, and estimation of wider macroeconomic impacts for different scenarios.
 
 The model is spatially-explicit, therefore it expects infrastructure assets to be provided as
 point geometries based on latitude-longitude coordinates. Preferably, population data can also
-be provided at the highest spatial resolution possible.
+be provided at the highest spatial resolution possible. Figure 1 provides an example of asset
+inputs for the South East and East of England.
 
-![Example of the type of Infrastructure Assets used for Model Inputs](fn_curve.png)
+![Example of the type of Infrastructure Assets used for Model Inputs](asset_map.png)
 
 # The Osira model
 
-Firslty, the model takes electricity assets and estimates the number of people served by each
+Firstly, the model takes electricity assets and estimates the number of people served by each
 asset. If a substation fails, this allows estimation of the number of directly affected
 households.
 
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ substation fails.
 For a particular scenario, the modeler must specify how many substations are to be selected.
 A Monte Carlo process is then carried out based on the number of stated iterations, which
 randomly selects substations and quantifies the level of disruption. Hence, cumulative
-probabilities can be estimated for different sized events, as per Figure 1 below (see
+probabilities can be estimated for different sized events, as per Figure 2 below (see
 [@oughton_stochastic_2019] for more details on the method).
 
 ![Example of Direct Population Disruption Results](fn_curve.png)
@@ -99,18 +100,17 @@ probabilities can be estimated for different sized events, as per Figure 1 below
 Understanding interdependent infrastructure systems is essential for resilience engineering
 [@hickford_resilience_2018]. Thus, there are many applications which the ``osira`` codebase
 can be applied to, particularly given the rise in infrastructure assessment of a single
-sector [@oughton_strategic_2018] or all national sectors[@hall_strategic_2016].
+sector [@oughton_strategic_2018] or all national sectors [@hall_strategic_2016].
 
 For example, assessing cyber-attack risks for infrastructure systems is an important
-application demonstrated here [@oughton_stochastic_2019]. While this application results from
-malicious activity, natural hazards equally pose threats. Infrastructure assessment is used to
-quantify the impacts of flooding [pant_critical_2017], earthquakes [@zorn_quantifying_2016]
-and space weather [@oughton_economic_2018].
+application demonstrated here [@oughton_stochastic_2019]. While this results from
+malicious activity, natural hazards are also important areas of application. Infrastructure
+assessment is used to quantify the impacts of flooding [@pant_critical_2017], earthquakes
+[@zorn_quantifying_2016] and space weather [@oughton_economic_2018].
 
 # Acknowledgements
 
-Thank you to (i) George Mason University for ongoing research support, (ii) valuable feedback
-from the paper reviewers. There are no conflicts of interest.
-
+Thank you to George Mason University for ongoing research support and the valuable feedback
+provided by the paper reviewers. There are no conflicts of interest.
 
 # References