libtotalmap is a collection of C++ utilities that make it easy to implement new keyboard layouts on Linux using the raw kernel event-handling mechanism---that is, /dev/input. It also serves as a reference example if you are looking to write your own software using /dev/input.
Writing keyboard layouts in regular code opens the door to doing far more than remapping some keys to other keys. For example, the following are all theoretically possible with libtotalmap:
- Global modal editing, similar to Vim, but universal across your system.
- Reordering keypresses: every time you type a, b, it comes out b, a.
- Using combinations of ordinary letter keys as hotkeys. For example, you could make it so pressing f and j at the same time sends Esc.
The reasons for using /dev/input---as opposed to XKB, xmodmap, or analogous Wayland utilities---are the following:
-
Flexibility: with
/dev/input, your keyboard layout is just code. If you can code it, it can do it. XKB is comparatively limited. -
Control: if you use XKB, you will find that some software doesn't play nice with nonstandard layouts. Typical examples are VMs, remote desktop clients, window managers, or anything written in Java. With
/dev/input, you see typed keys before anyone else and get the first shot at remapping them. The result is that your layout will behave the same with all software. -
Portability (though see below for limitations):
/dev/inputworks on any Linux system, including ChromeOS (in developer mode). It does not care what window manager you use, or whether you use X or Wayland.
The disadvantages of using /dev/input include the following:
-
Security: you cannot use
/dev/inputif you do not have write access to/dev/uinput, which usually means superuser access. On ChromeOS, this means developer mode. This could also be considered a security hole since your keyboard layout will have access to everything you type (including passwords) and therefore must be trusted code. -
Portability:
/dev/inputonly works on Linux. -
Robustness: "if you can code it, it can do it" applies to bugs in your code as well. For example, it's easy to accidentally let keys get stuck in the "down" position.
-
Tooling: common keyboard-layout switchers won't know what to do with your layout. You can of course make your own, since it's just code, but it will require more work.
-
Unicode Support: because
/dev/inputoperates directly on keyboard devices, it only understands keyboard keys, not characters. For example, there is no difference between lowercase and uppercase letters:'A'is justShift + A. The consequence is that there is no canonical way to include non-Latin characters in your layout. To do that, you will have to resort to XKB, an input method, or similar tools. The two can of course be used together: you can use/dev/inputto do the things XKB can't, then pass the codes along to XKB for Unicode support.
This code is not thoroughly tested and still has bugs. However, it works surprisingly well considering.
This code can see everything you type, and, if exploited by an attacker, could be used to steal your passwords, credit card number, or other personal info. Do not use this code where security is critical, and never allow untrusted code to access /dev/input.
libtotalmap uses standard C++17, various Linux headers, and:
- Boost Range, which can be installed from the package manager on most Linux distros; and
nlohmann/json.nlohmann/jsonis included underthird-party/for convenience, so you do not need to obtain it.
Additionally, the examples depend on:
- Boost.ProgramOptions, which can be installed from the package manager on most Linux distros.
There are simple GNU Makefiles that merely invoke $(CXX).
To build a shared library, run:
./build-shared-library.sh
To build example programs, run:
./build-all-examples.sh
To use libtotalmap in your own software, you could link with the shared library, or, since the code is small, just link all files under src/ into your own project.
You will need write permissions to /dev/uinput to generate key codes, and to /dev/input/<your-actual-keyboard> to prevent the original key codes from getting through.
Depending on your system, /dev/input and /dev/uinput might belong to groups input, uinput, or each of those, respectively. They might or might not be group-writable.
If those groups do not yet exist on your system, you may create them with:
sudo groupadd input
sudo groupadd uinput
To add yourself to the necessary groups, use, as appropriate:
sudo usermod -a -G input yourusername
sudo usermod -a -G uinput yourusername
To change device permissions in a way that persists across boots, create a file /etc/udev/rules.d/99-uinput.rules and add the following, changing the group to uinput if appropriate:
KERNEL=="uinput", MODE="0660", GROUP="input", OPTIONS+="static_node=uinput"
SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="uinput", MODE="0660", GROUP="input"
You must enable developer mode.
Theoretically, you can use access /dev/input directly from a ChromeOS developer shell. However, in practice, you usually won't have the execution environment you want in the base system (e.g., libstdc++). Although libtotalmap could be rewritten to target the ChromeOS environment, that is not something I plan on doing anytime soon. So, it will usually be necessary to install Crouton and run your keyboard layout from within a chroot.
In crouton, you have access to /dev/ just as if you were running in the base system (since it's just a chroot). The issue is setting permissions in a way that works from the chroot. This requires mapping the GIDs from the base system to GIDs in the chroot.
dnschneid has included some GID mappings in enter-chroot. Unfortunately, the input group is not among them. So, you can add it by editing /usr/local/bin/enter-chroot. Find this code:
# Fix group numbers for critical groups to match Chromium OS. This is necessary
# so that users have access to shared hardware, such as video and audio.
gfile="$CHROOT/etc/group"
if [ -f "$gfile" ]; then
for group in audio:hwaudio cras:audio cdrom chronos-access:crouton \
devbroker-access dialout disk floppy i2c input lp serial \
tape tty usb:plugdev uucp video wayland; do
and add input to the list of groups, so that it becomes:
# Fix group numbers for critical groups to match Chromium OS. This is necessary
# so that users have access to shared hardware, such as video and audio.
gfile="$CHROOT/etc/group"
if [ -f "$gfile" ]; then
for group in audio:hwaudio cras:audio cdrom chronos-access:crouton \
devbroker-access dialout disk floppy i2c input lp serial \
tape tty usb:plugdev uucp video wayland input; do
You may also need to add your user to the input group from within the chroot.
You cannot use /dev/input from crostini because you cannot access /dev/ from crostini, for obvious security reasons.
The API provides two things:
- A simple interface to
/dev/input, and - Utilities for translating keypresses to simulate a desired layout.
The basic idea is you write a function that:
- Takes as input an input keypress, and
- Returns as output a list of any output keypresses.
In more detail, you write a DevInputHandler:
enum DevInputValue {
pressed = 1,
released = 0,
repeated = 2,
};
struct DevInputEvent {
int code;
DevInputValue value;
};
typedef std::function<list<DevInputEvent>(DevInputEvent const&)> DevInputHandler;
For definitions of keycodes, see the Linux header.
For example, here is a DevInputHandler that swallows all keys and produces no output:
auto myHandler = [](DevInputEvent const& next) {
return { };
};
Here is one that simply translates one letter to another:
auto myHandler = [](DevInputEvent const& next) {
if (next.code == 30) {
next.code = 31;
}
return { next };
};
Remember, you get separate function calls for presses and releases, and you need to emit separate DevInputEvents for presses and releases.
Here is one that forces the letter a to allways be shifted, by inserting a shift-press before it is pressed and a shift-release after it is released:
auto myHandler = [](DevInputEvent const& next) {
if (next.value == pressed) {
if (next.code == 30) {
return {
{ 42, pressed },
next
};
}
}
else {
if (next.code == 30) {
return {
next,
{ 42, released }
};
}
}
};
However, the above example doesn't handle interactions between the fake shift and the real shift very well. That's why you will in practice need to write more elaborate code or use the utilities described below.
In general, you should not emit key repeats---just presses and releases. Userland software will add in the repeats for you. So, you should silently swallow events with value == repeat.
In practice, there are a lot of funny edge cases involved in mapping key events from one layout to another. So, libtotalmap provides from APIs that help you handle those cases. You can use them yourself or use them as a guide.
The first abstraction is the physical layout---that is, how keys are arranged in space on your keyboard.
Theoretically, there's no need for code using /dev/input to know anything about the physical layout---it's just about mapping codes to other codes. The only reason for specifying the physical layout is to make the virtual layout easier to specify, because you can write it in geometric order rather than as a list of codes. But if you don't care about writing things in geometric order, you can skip over PhysicalLayout---it doesn't actually add any functionality.
If you are using a U.S. ANSI keyboard, you can use ANSIWithWin, defined in include/standard-physical-keyboards.hpp.
The next abstraction is what you want the keycodes to be when you press a key. For that, you define a KeyboardLayout, as specified in include/keyboard-model.hpp.
For an example of how to populate this struct, see examples/complicated-example-layout/my-keyboard-layout.cpp:
const string my_top_row = "17531902468`";
const string my_q_row = ";,.pyfgcrl~@";
const string my_a_row = "aoeuidhtns-";
const string my_z_row = "'qjkxbmwvz";
const string my_top_row_shift = "17531902468`";
const string my_q_row_shift = ":<>PYFGCRL?^";
const string my_a_row_shift = "AOEUIDHTNS@";
const string my_z_row_shift = "\"QJKXBMWVZ";
const string my_top_row_altgr = "";
const string my_q_row_altgr = " {}% \\*][| ";
const string my_a_row_altgr = " = &)(/_$";
const string my_z_row_altgr = " !+# ";
auto addToRow = [&](vector<LayoutKey> &row, string const& chars) {
for (size_t i=0; i<chars.size(); i++) {
char c = chars[i];
if (c == ' ') {
row.push_back(NullLayoutKey { });
}
else {
row.push_back(CharLayoutKey { c });
}
}
};
addToRow(layout.k1Row, my_top_row);
addToRow(layout.qRow, my_q_row);
addToRow(layout.aRow, my_a_row);
addToRow(layout.zRow, my_z_row);
addToRow(layout.k1RowShift, my_top_row_shift);
addToRow(layout.qRowShift, my_q_row_shift);
addToRow(layout.aRowShift, my_a_row_shift);
addToRow(layout.zRowShift, my_z_row_shift);
addToRow(layout.k1RowAltGr, my_top_row_altgr);
addToRow(layout.qRowAltGr, my_q_row_altgr);
addToRow(layout.aRowAltGr, my_a_row_altgr);
addToRow(layout.zRowAltGr, my_z_row_altgr);
layout.tilde = CodeLayoutKey { 125 };
layout.tildeShift = CodeLayoutKey { 125 };
layout.tildeAltGr = CodeLayoutKey { 125 };
layout.leftWin = CodeLayoutKey { 100 };
layout.qRowAltGr[0] = CodeLayoutKey { 1 };
Once you have a PhysicalLayout and a KeyboardLayout, you can combine them together into a FullMappingSet:
MyKeyboardLayout layout;
MyPhysicalKeyboard phys;
FullMappingSet full = joinMappings(phys.layout, layout.layout);
A FullMappingSet is just an std::map translating from a TypedKey to a PhysRevKey---that is, from the key you press to the key that should be emitted, including which modifier keys (Shift and AltGr) should be down at the same time.
You can also build the FullMappingSet in one go if you like without going through PhysicalLayout and KeyboardLayout, since it's just an std::map from codes to codes. For example, here is a FullMappingSet that turns lower-case a into lower-case s:
FullMappingSet full = {
{
{ TypedKey { 30, false, false }, PhysRevKey { 31, false } },
}
};
Finally, you can take your FullMappingSet and pass it to RemappingHandler, also telling RemappingHandler which keys should be considered modifiers:
const int leftShift = 42;
const int rightShift = 54;
const int leftAlt = 56;
const int rightAlt = 100;
const int capsLock = 58;
const int leftWin = 125;
const int leftControl = 29;
const int rightControl = 97;
RemappingHander remapping(full,
{ leftShift, rightShift }, // Shift keys
{ rightAlt, capsLock, leftWin }, // AltGr keys
{ leftAlt, leftControl, rightControl } // Other modifiers
);
(The reason RemappingHandler needs to handle modifiers separately is that these keys can be typed simultaneously, whereas letter keys can only be typed one at a time.)
RemappingHandler defines the handle method to translate input keys to output keys:
list<DevInputEvent> handle(DevInputEvent const&);
As you can see, this has the same signature as DevInputHandler, so it can finally be used to remap keycodes:
runDevInputLoop(keyboardFilePath, "simple_example_layout", trace, [&](DevInputEvent const& ev) {
return remapping.handle(ev);
});
You can also see that handle(), being a function, is in a sense composable, so you can compose multiple remappings:
runDevInputLoop(keyboardFilePath, "compose_example", trace, [&](DevInputEvent const& ev) {
auto r1 mapping1.handle(ev);
list<DevInputEvent> r2;
for (auto ev2 : r1) {
auto rr2 = mapping2.handle(ev2);
for (auto ev3 : rr2) {
r2.push_back(ev3);
}
}
return r2;
});
I say "in a sense" because handle() deals with various funny edge cases that may or may not degrade in quality as you compose layouts together.
libtotalmap, being just code, can do far more than just map keys to other keys. If you can code it, it can do it.
So far, I've only used libtotalmap to add one more elaborate feature: movement keys that can be accessed on the letter keys---without moving your hand over to the arrow keys. This is a huge time saver, and now I can barely live without it.
The code for this is defined in include/basic-movement-loop.hpp and src/basic-movement-loop.cpp. BasicMovementLoop exposes a handle() function that also conforms to DevInputHandler. So, you can combine movement keys with another keyboard layout:
runDevInputLoop(keyboardFilePath, "send_b", trace, [&](DevInputEvent const& ev) {
auto r1 = movement.handle(ev);
list<DevInputEvent> r2;
for (auto ev2 : r1) {
auto rr2 = remapping.handle(ev2);
for (auto ev3 : rr2) {
r2.push_back(ev3);
}
}
return r2;
});
Then, you can access arrow keys by holding down Tab and pressing:
- J - Left
- K - Down
- L - Right
- I - Up
- U - Page Up
- M - Page Down
- H - Home
- ; - End
- N - Ctrl + Left (back one word in most software)
- , - Ctrl + Right (forward one word in most software)
BasicMovementLoop is hard-coded to the above mappings; it's not configurable. But, the code is short, and you can easily customize src/basic-movement-loop.cpp to your preferences.
On systems using systemd, you can put a service in ~/.config/systemd/user/keymapping.service:
[Unit]
Description=Runs the key mapper
[Service]
Type=simple
ExecStart=/path/to/your/remapping/program
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target
and start it with
systemctl --user start keymapping.service
and enable it to run automatically with
systemctl --user enable keymapping.service
Permission granted to use under the terms of the WTFPL.