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emacs.texi
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\input texinfo @c -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
@setfilename ../../info/emacs.info
@settitle GNU Emacs Manual
@include docstyle.texi
@c The edition number appears in more than one place in this file
@c I don't really know what it means...
@c For example, it has said "Sixteenth" since sometime in the Emacs 22
@c series, all through 23, and into 24. So it is not very useful IMO,
@c and offers nothing that EMACSVER does not. I guess it relates
@c mainly to the published book sold by the FSF. Hence no longer
@c bother including it except iftex. Really, I think it should not be
@c here at all (since anyone can make a pdf version), but should just
@c be something added by the FSF during the publishing process.
@c Also, the lispref uses a float (3.0), whereas this uses an ordinal,
@c so the format is not even consistent.
@set EDITION Seventeenth
@include emacsver.texi
@copying
@iftex
This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@*
@end iftex
@ifnottex
This is the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},
@end ifnottex
updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}.
Copyright @copyright{} 1985--1987, 1993--2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and
``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover Texts being ``A GNU
Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the
license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation
License.''
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
@end quotation
@end copying
@dircategory Emacs
@direntry
* Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor.
@end direntry
@c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a
@c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go
@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size.
@c @set smallbook
@ifset smallbook
@smallbook
@end ifset
@c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to
@c save on paper cost.
@c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain.
@tex
@ifset smallbook
@fonttextsize 10
@end ifset
\global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes
@end tex
@defcodeindex op
@synindex pg cp
@iftex
@kbdinputstyle code
@shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual
@end iftex
@titlepage
@sp 6
@center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
@sp 4
@center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}.
@sp 5
@center Richard Stallman et al.
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
@insertcopying
@sp 2
Published by the Free Software Foundation @*
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @*
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @*
ISBN 978-0-9831592-5-4
@sp 2
Cover art by Etienne Suvasa; cover design by Matt Lee.
@end titlepage
@summarycontents
@contents
@ifnottex
@node Top
@top The Emacs Editor
Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
display editor. This manual describes how to edit with Emacs and
some of the ways to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
@value{EMACSVER}.
@c See 'manual-html-mono' and 'manual-html-node' in admin/admin.el.
@ifset WWW_GNU_ORG
@html
The homepage for GNU Emacs is at
<a href="/software/emacs/">https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/</a>.<br>
To view this manual in other formats, click
<a href="/software/emacs/manual/emacs.html">here</a>.<br>
You can also purchase a printed copy from the
<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/emacs-manual/">FSF store</a>.
@end html
@end ifset
@ifinfo
If you are reading this in Emacs, type @kbd{h} to read a basic
introduction to the Info documentation system.
@end ifinfo
For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The
Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
@insertcopying
@end ifnottex
@c Note that the TeX version generates its own TOC, so the ifnottex's
@c here are not really necessary.
@menu
* Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
* Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts.
Important General Concepts
* Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen.
* User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
function keys).
* Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one
editing action.
* Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
* Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell.
* Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs.
Fundamental Editing Commands
* Basic:: The most basic editing commands.
* Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for.
* M-x:: Invoking commands by their names.
* Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.
Important Text-Changing Commands
* Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a region of text.
* Killing:: Killing (cutting) and yanking (copying) text.
* Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
* Display:: Controlling what text is displayed.
* Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
* Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos.
* Keyboard Macros:: Recording a sequence of keystrokes to be replayed.
Major Structures of Emacs
* Files:: All about handling files.
* Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
* Windows:: Viewing multiple pieces of text in one frame.
* Frames:: Using multiple windows on your display.
* International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets.
Advanced Features
* Modes:: Major and minor modes alter Emacs's basic behavior.
* Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
* Text:: Commands and modes for editing human languages.
* Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs.
* Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs.
* Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs.
* Abbrevs:: Defining text abbreviations to reduce typing.
* Dired:: Directory and file manager.
* Calendar/Diary:: Calendar and diary facilities.
* Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs.
* Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs.
* Gnus:: A flexible mail and news reader.
* Host Security:: Security issues on a single computer.
* Network Security:: Managing the network security.
* Document View:: Viewing PDF, PS and DVI files.
* Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs.
* Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server.
* Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions.
* Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
@ifnottex
* Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of text characters.
@end ifnottex
* Editing Binary Files:: Editing binary files with Hexl mode.
* Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
* Recursive Edit:: Performing edits while within another command.
* Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers.
* Amusements:: Various games and hacks.
* Packages:: Installing additional features.
* Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs.
Recovery from Problems
* Quitting:: Quitting and aborting.
* Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
* Bugs:: How and when to report a bug.
* Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
* Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs.
Appendices
* Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission
to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
it also explains that there is no warranty.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
* Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options.
* X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs.
* Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 25.
* Mac OS / GNUstep:: Using Emacs under macOS and GNUstep.
* Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS.
* Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!
* Glossary:: Terms used in this manual.
@ifnottex
* Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs.
@end ifnottex
Indexes (each index contains a large menu)
* Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
* Option Index:: An item for every command-line option.
* Command Index:: An item for each standard command name.
* Variable Index:: An item for each variable documented in this manual.
* Concept Index:: An item for concepts and other general subjects.
@c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to
@c be correctly identified by 'texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In
@c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the
@c value of 'texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el.
@detailmenu
--- The Detailed Node Listing ---
---------------------------------
Here are some other nodes which are really subnodes of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:
The Organization of the Screen
* Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate.
* Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
* Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line.
* Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar.
Basic Editing Commands
* Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it.
* Moving Point:: Moving the cursor to the place where you want to
change something.
* Erasing:: Deleting and killing text.
* Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text.
* Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files.
* Basic Help:: Asking what a character does.
* Blank Lines:: Making and deleting blank lines.
* Continuation Lines:: How Emacs displays lines too wide for the screen.
* Position Info:: What line, row, or column is point on?
* Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command N times.
* Repeating:: Repeating the previous command quickly.
The Minibuffer
* Basic Minibuffer:: Basic usage of the minibuffer.
* Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer.
* Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer.
* Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
* Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
* Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.
* Passwords:: Entering passwords in the echo area.
* Yes or No Prompts:: Replying yes or no in the echo area.
Completion
* Completion Example:: Examples of using completion.
* Completion Commands:: A list of completion commands.
* Completion Exit:: Completion and minibuffer text submission.
* Completion Styles:: How completion matches are chosen.
* Completion Options:: Options for completion.
Help
* Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands.
* Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs.
* Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name.
* Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic.
* Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers.
* Package Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
* Language Help:: Help relating to international language support.
* Misc Help:: Other help commands.
* Help Files:: Commands to display auxiliary help files.
* Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips.
The Mark and the Region
* Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark.
* Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units.
* Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
* Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
* Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers.
* Shift Selection:: Using shifted cursor motion keys.
* Disabled Transient Mark:: Leaving regions unhighlighted by default.
Killing and Moving Text
* Deletion and Killing:: Commands that remove text.
* Yanking:: Commands that insert text.
* Cut and Paste:: Clipboard and selections on graphical displays.
* Accumulating Text:: Other methods to add text to the buffer.
* Rectangles:: Operating on text in rectangular areas.
* CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}/@kbd{C-c}/@kbd{C-v} to kill and yank.
Deletion and Killing
* Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
blank areas.
* Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
* Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
syntactic units such as words and sentences.
* Kill Options:: Options that affect killing.
Yanking
* Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored.
* Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago.
* Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
Cut and Paste Operations on Graphical Displays
* Clipboard:: How Emacs uses the system clipboard.
* Primary Selection:: The temporarily selected text selection.
* Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
Registers
* Position Registers:: Saving positions in registers.
* Text Registers:: Saving text in registers.
* Rectangle Registers:: Saving rectangles in registers.
* Configuration Registers:: Saving window configurations in registers.
* Number Registers:: Numbers in registers.
* File Registers:: File names in registers.
* Keyboard Macro Registers:: Keyboard macros in registers.
* Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.
Controlling the Display
* Scrolling:: Commands to move text up and down in a window.
* Recentering:: A scroll command that centers the current line.
* Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed.
* Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window.
* Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion
of the buffer.
* View Mode:: Viewing read-only buffers.
* Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
* Faces:: How to change the display style using faces.
* Colors:: Specifying colors for faces.
* Standard Faces:: The main predefined faces.
* Text Scale:: Increasing or decreasing text size in a buffer.
* Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
* Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
* Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes.
* Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer.
* Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly spurious trailing whitespace.
* Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features.
* Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed.
* Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor.
* Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead
of continuing them to multiple screen lines.
* Visual Line Mode:: Word wrap and screen line-based editing.
* Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display.
Searching and Replacement
* Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string.
* Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
* Word Search:: Search for sequence of words.
* Symbol Search:: Search for a source code symbol.
* Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp.
* Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions.
* Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'.
* Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained.
* Lax Search:: Search ignores some distinctions between
similar characters, like letter-case.
* Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches.
* Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.
* Search Customizations:: Various search customizations.
Incremental Search
* Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands.
* Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again.
* Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string
or else edit the search string.
* Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found.
* Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search.
* Not Exiting Isearch:: Prefix argument and scrolling commands.
* Isearch Minibuffer:: Incremental search of the minibuffer history.
Replacement Commands
* Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string.
* Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp.
* Replacement and Lax Matches::
Lax searching for text to replace.
* Query Replace:: How to use querying.
Commands for Fixing Typos
* Undo:: The Undo commands.
* Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
* Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
* Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.
Keyboard Macros
* Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros.
* Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved.
* Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros.
* Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each
time.
* Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in
files.
* Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros.
* Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard
macro.
File Handling
* File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments.
* Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
* Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent.
* Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
* Auto Revert:: Keeping buffers automatically up-to-date.
* Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
* File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file.
* Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
* Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ.
* Diff Mode:: Mode for editing file differences.
* Copying and Naming:: Copying, naming and renaming files.
* Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.
* Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files.
* File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files.
* Remote Files:: Accessing files on other machines.
* Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names.
* File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use.
* File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files.
* Filesets:: Handling sets of files.
Saving Files
* Save Commands:: Commands for saving files.
* Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
* Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files.
* Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
of one file by two users.
* File Shadowing:: Copying files to shadows automatically.
* Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files.
Backup Files
* Backup Names:: How backup files are named.
* Backup Deletion:: Emacs deletes excess numbered backups.
* Backup Copying:: Backups can be made by copying or renaming.
@ifnottex
Auto Reverting Non-File Buffers
* Auto Reverting the Buffer Menu:: Auto Revert of the Buffer Menu.
* Auto Reverting Dired:: Auto Revert of Dired buffers.
@end ifnottex
Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters
* Auto Save Files:: The file where auto-saved changes are
actually made until you save the file.
* Auto Save Control:: Controlling when and how often to auto-save.
* Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files.
Using Multiple Buffers
* Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
* List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist.
* Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-only status; copying text.
* Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need.
* Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
and operate variously on several of them.
* Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.
* Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for
buffer handling.
Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling
* Uniquify:: Making buffer names unique with directory parts.
* Icomplete:: Fast minibuffer selection.
* Buffer Menus:: Configurable buffer menu.
Multiple Windows
* Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows.
* Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
* Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it.
* Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window.
* Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes.
* Displaying Buffers:: How Emacs picks a window for displaying a buffer.
* Temporary Displays:: Displaying non-editable buffers.
* Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling.
Displaying a Buffer in a Window
* Window Choice:: How @code{display-buffer} works.
Frames and Graphical Displays
* Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
* Word and Line Mouse:: Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines.
* Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
* Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
* Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.
* Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
* Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
* Fonts:: Changing the frame font.
* Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame.
* Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs instance can talk to several displays.
* Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
* Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
* Window Dividers:: Window separators that can be dragged with the mouse.
* Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text.
* Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
* Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
* Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes.
* Tooltips:: Displaying information at the current mouse position.
* Mouse Avoidance:: Preventing the mouse pointer from obscuring text.
* Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
* Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text terminals.
International Character Set Support
* International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
* Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use.
* Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
* Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods.
* Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and
write files, and so on.
* Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
* Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly.
* Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output.
* Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text.
* Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication.
* File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}.
* Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting
terminal input and output.
* Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts
that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
* Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset.
* Modifying Fontsets:: Modifying an existing fontset.
* Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display.
* Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set
to use without multibyte characters.
* Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes.
* Bidirectional Editing:: Support for right-to-left scripts.
Major and Minor Modes
* Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode...
* Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is a feature you can turn on
independently of any others.
* Choosing Modes:: How modes are chosen when visiting files.
Indentation
* Indentation Commands:: More commands for performing indentation.
* Tab Stops:: Stop points for indentation in Text modes.
* Just Spaces:: Using only space characters for indentation.
* Indent Convenience:: Optional indentation features.
Commands for Human Languages
* Words:: Moving over and killing words.
* Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences.
* Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs.
* Pages:: Moving over pages.
* Quotation Marks:: Inserting quotation marks.
* Filling:: Filling or justifying text.
* Case:: Changing the case of text.
* Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files.
* Outline Mode:: Editing outlines.
* Org Mode:: The Emacs organizer.
* TeX Mode:: Editing TeX and LaTeX files.
* HTML Mode:: Editing HTML and SGML files.
* Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the nroff formatter.
* Enriched Text:: Editing text enriched with fonts, colors, etc.
* Text Based Tables:: Commands for editing text-based tables.
* Two-Column:: Splitting text columns into separate windows.
Filling Text
* Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
* Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
* Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented
or in a comment, etc.
* Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.
Outline Mode
* Outline Format:: What the text of an outline looks like.
* Outline Motion:: Special commands for moving through outlines.
* Outline Visibility:: Commands to control what is visible.
* Outline Views:: Outlines and multiple views.
* Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines.
Org Mode
* Org Organizer:: Managing TODO lists and agendas.
* Org Authoring:: Exporting Org buffers to various formats.
@TeX{} Mode
* TeX Editing:: Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
* LaTeX Editing:: Additional commands for LaTeX input files.
* TeX Print:: Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.
* TeX Misc:: Customization of TeX mode, and related features.
Enriched Text
* Enriched Mode:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode.
* Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines.
* Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties.
* Enriched Faces:: Bold, italic, underline, etc.
* Enriched Indentation:: Changing the left and right margins.
* Enriched Justification:: Centering, setting text flush with the
left or right margin, etc.
* Enriched Properties:: The ``Special text properties'' submenu.
@c The automatic texinfo menu update inserts some duplicate items here
@c (faces, colors, indentation, justification, properties), because
@c they are listed in two menus. But we already have them above, no
@c need to list them twice.
Editing Text-based Tables
* Table Definition:: What is a text based table.
* Table Creation:: How to create a table.
* Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables.
* Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table.
* Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents.
* Table Rows and Columns:: Inserting and deleting rows and columns.
* Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables.
* Table Misc:: Table miscellany.
Editing Programs
* Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs.
* Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts
of a program.
* Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
* Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses.
* Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
* Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
* Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively.
* Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
* MixedCase Words:: Dealing with identifiersLikeThis.
* Semantic:: Suite of editing tools based on source code parsing.
* Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
* C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
Java, IDL, Pike and AWK modes.
* Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features.
@ifnottex
* Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features.
@end ifnottex
Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns
* Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
* Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
* Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus.
* Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in.
Indentation for Programs
* Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line.
* Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once.
* Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
* C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
* Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.
Commands for Editing with Parentheses
* Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses.
* Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across
in the structure of parentheses.
* Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
Manipulating Comments
* Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
* Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
* Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.
Documentation Lookup
* Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands in Info files.
* Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
* Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.
C and Related Modes
* Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc.
* Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
* Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command.
* Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
and other neat features.
@ifnottex
Fortran Mode
* Fortran Motion:: Moving point by statements or subprograms.
* Fortran Indent:: Indentation commands for Fortran.
* Fortran Comments:: Inserting and aligning comments.
* Fortran Autofill:: Auto fill support for Fortran.
* Fortran Columns:: Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
* Fortran Abbrev:: Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.
Fortran Indentation
* ForIndent Commands:: Commands for indenting and filling Fortran.
* ForIndent Cont:: How continuation lines indent.
* ForIndent Num:: How line numbers auto-indent.
* ForIndent Conv:: Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
* ForIndent Vars:: Variables controlling Fortran indent style.
@end ifnottex
Compiling and Testing Programs
* Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other
than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
* Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors.
* Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly
for use in the compilation buffer.
* Grep Searching:: Searching with grep.
* Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly.
* Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
* Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
with different facilities for running
the Lisp programs.
* Lisp Libraries:: How Lisp programs are loaded into Emacs.
* Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
* Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.
Running Debuggers Under Emacs
* Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess.
* Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
* Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands.
* GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD.
* GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to
implement a graphical debugging environment.
GDB Graphical Interface
* GDB User Interface Layout:: Control the number of displayed buffers.
* Source Buffers:: Use the mouse in the fringe/margin to
control your program.
* Breakpoints Buffer:: A breakpoint control panel.
* Threads Buffer:: Displays your threads.
* Stack Buffer:: Select a frame from the call stack.
* Other GDB Buffers:: Other buffers for controlling the GDB state.
* Watch Expressions:: Monitor variable values in the speedbar.
* Multithreaded Debugging:: Debugging programs with several threads.
Maintaining Large Programs
* Version Control:: Using version control systems.
* Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program.
* Xref:: Find definitions and references of any function,
method, struct, macro, @dots{} in your program.
* EDE:: An integrated development environment for Emacs.
@ifnottex
* Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.
@end ifnottex
Version Control
* Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general.
* VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status.
* Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control.
* Log Buffer:: Features available in log entry buffers.
* Registering:: Putting a file under version control.
* Old Revisions:: Examining and comparing old versions.
* VC Change Log:: Viewing the VC Change Log.
* VC Undo:: Canceling changes before or after committing.
* VC Ignore:: Ignore files under version control system.
* VC Directory Mode:: Listing files managed by version control.
* Branches:: Multiple lines of development.
@ifnottex
* Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC.
* Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior.
@end ifnottex
Introduction to Version Control
* Why Version Control?:: Understanding the problems it addresses.
* Version Control Systems:: Supported version control back-end systems.
* VCS Concepts:: Words and concepts related to version control.
* VCS Merging:: How file conflicts are handled.
* VCS Changesets:: How changes are grouped.
* VCS Repositories:: Where version control repositories are stored.
* Types of Log File:: The VCS log in contrast to the ChangeLog.
Basic Editing under Version Control
* VC With A Merging VCS:: Without locking: default mode for CVS.
* VC With A Locking VCS:: RCS in its default mode, SCCS, and optionally CVS.
* Advanced C-x v v:: Advanced features available with a prefix argument.
VC Directory Mode
* VC Directory Buffer:: What the buffer looks like and means.
* VC Directory Commands:: Commands to use in a VC directory buffer.
Version Control Branches
* Switching Branches:: How to get to another existing branch.
* Pulling / Pushing:: Receiving/sending changes from/to elsewhere.
* Merging:: Transferring changes between branches.
* Creating Branches:: How to start a new branch.
@ifnottex
Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC
* Change Logs and VC:: Generating a change log file from log entries.
* VC Delete/Rename:: Deleting and renaming version-controlled files.
* Revision Tags:: Symbolic names for revisions.
* Version Headers:: Inserting version control headers into working files.
Customizing VC
* General VC Options:: Options that apply to multiple back ends.
* RCS and SCCS:: Options for RCS and SCCS.
* CVS Options:: Options for CVS.
@end ifnottex
Change Logs
* Change Log Commands:: Commands for editing change log files.
* Format of ChangeLog:: What the change log file looks like.
Xref
* Find Identifiers:: Commands to find where an identifier is defined
or referenced, to list identifiers, etc.
* Tags Tables:: Tags table records which file defines a symbol.
* Select Tags Table:: How to visit a specific tags table.
Find Identifiers
* Looking Up Identifiers:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
* Xref Commands:: Commands in the @file{*xref*} buffer.
* Identifier Search:: Searching and replacing identifiers.
* List Identifiers:: Listing identifiers and completing on them.
Tags Tables
* Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
* Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @command{etags}.
* Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions.
@ifnottex
Merging Files with Emerge
* Overview of Emerge:: How to start Emerge. Basic concepts.
* Submodes of Emerge:: Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
* State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
for each difference.
* Merge Commands:: Commands for selecting a difference,
changing states of differences, etc.
* Exiting Emerge:: What to do when you've finished the merge.
* Combining in Emerge:: How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
* Fine Points of Emerge:: Miscellaneous issues.
@end ifnottex
Abbrevs
* Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
* Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
* Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
* Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
* Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
* Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.
* Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling.
@ifnottex
Editing Pictures
* Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
* Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
after self-inserting characters.
* Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation.
* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.
@end ifnottex
Dired, the Directory Editor
* Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired.
* Dired Navigation:: Special motion commands in the Dired buffer.
* Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired.
* Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names.
* Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired.
* Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking.
* Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
either one file or several files.
* Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files.
* Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files.
* Comparison in Dired:: Running @code{diff} by way of Dired.
* Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
@ifnottex
* Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired.
@end ifnottex
* Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
* Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
* Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest.
* Dired and Find:: Using @code{find} to choose the files for Dired.
* Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer.
* Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired.
* Misc Dired Features:: Various other features.
The Calendar and the Diary
* Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
* Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
* Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats.
* Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.
* Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.
* Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.
* Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active.
* Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals.
@ifnottex
* Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.
@end ifnottex
Movement in the Calendar
* Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
* Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
* Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another
specific date.
Conversion To and From Other Calendars
* Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands
(aside from Gregorian).
* To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.
* From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
The Diary
* Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.
* Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
* Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.
* Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.
* Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.
* Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.
* Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats.
@ifnottex
More advanced features of the Calendar and Diary
* Calendar Customizing:: Calendar layout and hooks.
* Holiday Customizing:: Defining your own holidays.
* Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.
* Date Display Format:: Changing the format.
* Time Display Format:: Changing the format.
* Diary Customizing:: Defaults you can set.
* Non-Gregorian Diary:: Diary entries based on other calendars.
* Diary Display:: A choice of ways to display the diary.
* Fancy Diary Display:: Sorting diary entries, using included diary files.
* Sexp Diary Entries:: More flexible diary entries.
@end ifnottex
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