Update the `escapeArgForQuoted` function for CMD, preserving how quoting
is done. The majority of the old escape logic is gone (except for
control characters) and is replaced with new logic based first on (of
all sources) [1] to escape double quotes (which have to be escaped
somehow because they're also used to do the quoting). In short, the
rules for escaping quotes are as follows (adapted from [1]):
1. "For each double quote in the original string, let N be the number
   of backslash(es) before it, N might be zero. Replace these N
   backslash(es) by 2*N+1 backslash(es)."
2. "Let N be the number of backslash(es) [before a space or tab in] the
   original string, N might be zero. Replace these N backslash(es)
   by 2*N backslash(es)."

Second, based on [2] and experimentation, special characters are escaped
if and only if they're preceded by an even number (and/including 0) of
quotes. I can't really tell why this is correct, but from testing it
appears to be necessary as otherwise the escape character ("^") would
appear in the argument received by the target program when there's an
odd number of quotes preceding it.

--
1. https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/html_node/DOS-Quoting.html
2. https://ss64.com/nt/