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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="split chapter"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>11 Expressions # Ⓣ Ⓔ ① Ⓐ — Annotated ES5</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><link href="x10.html" title="10 Executable Code and Execution Contexts " rel="prev">
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<h2 id="top">Annotated ECMAScript 5.1 <span id="timestamp"></span></h2>
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<a href="x10.html">← 10 Executable Code and Execution Contexts </a> –
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<a href="x12.html">12 Statements →</a>
<ol class="toc"><li><a href="x11.html#x11" id="x11-toc">11 Expressions</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.1" id="x11.1-toc">11.1 Primary Expressions</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.1.1" id="x11.1.1-toc">11.1.1 The this Keyword</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.1.2" id="x11.1.2-toc">11.1.2 Identifier Reference</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.1.3" id="x11.1.3-toc">11.1.3 Literal Reference</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.1.4" id="x11.1.4-toc">11.1.4 Array Initialiser</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.1.5" id="x11.1.5-toc">11.1.5 Object Initialiser</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.1.6" id="x11.1.6-toc">11.1.6 The Grouping Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.2" id="x11.2-toc">11.2 Left-Hand-Side Expressions</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.2.1" id="x11.2.1-toc">11.2.1 Property Accessors</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.2.2" id="x11.2.2-toc">11.2.2 The new Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.2.3" id="x11.2.3-toc">11.2.3 Function Calls</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.2.4" id="x11.2.4-toc">11.2.4 Argument Lists</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.2.5" id="x11.2.5-toc">11.2.5 Function Expressions</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.3" id="x11.3-toc">11.3 Postfix Expressions</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.3.1" id="x11.3.1-toc">11.3.1 Postfix Increment Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.3.2" id="x11.3.2-toc">11.3.2 Postfix Decrement Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4" id="x11.4-toc">11.4 Unary Operators</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.1" id="x11.4.1-toc">11.4.1 The delete Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.2" id="x11.4.2-toc">11.4.2 The void Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.3" id="x11.4.3-toc">11.4.3 The typeof Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.4" id="x11.4.4-toc">11.4.4 Prefix Increment Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.5" id="x11.4.5-toc">11.4.5 Prefix Decrement Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.6" id="x11.4.6-toc">11.4.6 Unary + Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.7" id="x11.4.7-toc">11.4.7 Unary - Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.8" id="x11.4.8-toc">11.4.8 Bitwise NOT Operator ( ~ )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.4.9" id="x11.4.9-toc">11.4.9 Logical NOT Operator ( ! )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.5" id="x11.5-toc">11.5 Multiplicative Operators</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.5.1" id="x11.5.1-toc">11.5.1 Applying the * Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.5.2" id="x11.5.2-toc">11.5.2 Applying the / Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.5.3" id="x11.5.3-toc">11.5.3 Applying the % Operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.6" id="x11.6-toc">11.6 Additive Operators</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.6.1" id="x11.6.1-toc">11.6.1 The Addition operator ( + )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.6.2" id="x11.6.2-toc">11.6.2 The Subtraction Operator ( - )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.6.3" id="x11.6.3-toc">11.6.3 Applying the Additive Operators to Numbers</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.7" id="x11.7-toc">11.7 Bitwise Shift Operators</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.7.1" id="x11.7.1-toc">11.7.1 The Left Shift Operator ( << )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.7.2" id="x11.7.2-toc">11.7.2 The Signed Right Shift Operator ( >> )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.7.3" id="x11.7.3-toc">11.7.3 The Unsigned Right Shift Operator ( >>> )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8" id="x11.8-toc">11.8 Relational Operators</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8.1" id="x11.8.1-toc">11.8.1 The Less-than Operator ( < )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8.2" id="x11.8.2-toc">11.8.2 The Greater-than Operator ( > )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8.3" id="x11.8.3-toc">11.8.3 The Less-than-or-equal Operator ( <= )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8.4" id="x11.8.4-toc">11.8.4 The Greater-than-or-equal Operator ( >= )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8.5" id="x11.8.5-toc">11.8.5 The Abstract Relational Comparison Algorithm</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8.6" id="x11.8.6-toc">11.8.6 The instanceof operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.8.7" id="x11.8.7-toc">11.8.7 The in operator</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.9" id="x11.9-toc">11.9 Equality Operators</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.9.1" id="x11.9.1-toc">11.9.1 The Equals Operator ( == )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.9.2" id="x11.9.2-toc">11.9.2 The Does-not-equals Operator ( != )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.9.3" id="x11.9.3-toc">11.9.3 The Abstract Equality Comparison Algorithm</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.9.4" id="x11.9.4-toc">11.9.4 The Strict Equals Operator ( === )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.9.5" id="x11.9.5-toc">11.9.5 The Strict Does-not-equal Operator ( !== )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.9.6" id="x11.9.6-toc">11.9.6 The Strict Equality Comparison Algorithm</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.10" id="x11.10-toc">11.10 Binary Bitwise Operators</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.11" id="x11.11-toc">11.11 Binary Logical Operators</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.12" id="x11.12-toc">11.12 Conditional Operator ( ? : )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.13" id="x11.13-toc">11.13 Assignment Operators</a>
<b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> <ol><li><a href="x11.html#x11.13.1" id="x11.13.1-toc">11.13.1 Simple Assignment ( = )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.13.2" id="x11.13.2-toc">11.13.2 Compound Assignment ( op= )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li><li><a href="x11.html#x11.14" id="x11.14-toc">11.14 Comma Operator ( , )</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b> </li></ol></li></ol></nav>
<h2 id="x11">11 Expressions <a href="#x11">#</a> <a href="#x11-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h2>
<h3 id="x11.1">11.1 Primary Expressions <a href="#x11.1">#</a> <a href="#x11.1-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h3>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Syntax
</b>
</p>
<p class="keep">
<i>PrimaryExpression </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<code><b>this</b></code> <i><br>Identifier<br>Literal<br>ArrayLiteral<br>ObjectLiteral<br></i><code><b>(</b></code> <i>Expression </i><code><b>)</b></code></p>
<h4 id="x11.1.1">11.1.1 The this Keyword <a href="#x11.1.1">#</a> <a href="#x11.1.1-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
<code><b>this</b></code> keyword
evaluates to the value of the ThisBinding of the current execution
context.</p>
<h4 id="x11.1.2">11.1.2 Identifier Reference <a href="#x11.1.2">#</a> <a href="#x11.1.2-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
An
<i>Identifier</i> is
evaluated by performing Identifier Resolution as specified in
<a href="x10.html#x10.3.1">10.3.1</a>. The result of evaluating an <i>Identifier</i>
is always a value of type <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a>.</p>
<h4 id="x11.1.3">11.1.3 Literal Reference <a href="#x11.1.3">#</a> <a href="#x11.1.3-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
A
<i>Literal</i> is
evaluated as described in <a href="x7.html#x7.8">7.8</a>.</p>
<h4 id="x11.1.4">11.1.4 Array Initialiser <a href="#x11.1.4">#</a> <a href="#x11.1.4-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
An
array initialiser is an expression describing the initialisation of
an Array object, written in a form of a literal. It is a list of
zero or more expressions, each of which represents an <a href="x15.4.html#array-element">array element</a>,
enclosed in square brackets. The elements need not be literals; they
are evaluated each time the array initialiser is evaluated.</p>
<p>
<a href="x15.4.html#array-element">Array element</a>s may be elided at the beginning, middle or end of the
element list. Whenever a comma in the element list is not preceded
by an <i>AssignmentExpression</i>
(i.e., a comma at the beginning or after another comma), the missing
<a href="x15.4.html#array-element">array element</a> contributes to the length of the Array and increases
the index of subsequent elements. Elided <a href="x15.4.html#array-element">array element</a>s are not
defined. If an element is elided at the end of an array, that
element does not contribute to the length of the Array.</p>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Syntax</b></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>ArrayLiteral </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<code><b>[
</b></code> <i>Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><code>
</code><code><b>]<br>[
</b></code> <i>ElementList</i><code>
</code><code><b>]<br>[
</b></code> <i>ElementList <b>,</b> Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><code>
</code><code><b>]</b></code></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>ElementList </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><sub><code>
</code></sub><i>AssignmentExpression<br>ElementList </i><code><b>,</b></code> <i>Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><sub><code>
</code></sub><i>AssignmentExpression</i></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>Elision </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<code><b>,</b></code> <i><br>Elision </i><code><b>,</b></code></p>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Semantics</b></p>
<p>
The
production <i>ArrayLiteral</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>[</b></code> <i>Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><code>
</code><code><b>]</b></code> is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>array </i>be the result of creating a new object as if by the
expression <code><b>new Array() </b></code>where<code><b>
Array </b></code>is the standard built-in constructor with that
name.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>pad </i>be the result of evaluating <i>Elision</i>; if not
present, use the numeric value zero.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
the [[Put]] internal method of <i>array </i>with arguments
<code>"</code><code><b>length</b></code><code>"</code>,
<i>pad</i>, and <b>false</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>array</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>ArrayLiteral</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>[</b></code> <i>ElementList</i><code>
</code><code><b>]</b></code> is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the result of evaluating <i>ElementList</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>ArrayLiteral</i>
<b>: </b><code><b>[</b></code> <i>ElementList</i>
<code><b>,</b></code> <i> </i><i>Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><code>
</code><code><b>]</b></code> is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>array </i>be the result of evaluating <i>ElementList</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>pad </i>be the result of evaluating <i>Elision</i>; if not
present, use the numeric value zero.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>len </i>be the result of calling the [[Get]] internal method of
<i>array </i>with argument <code>"</code><code><b>length</b></code><code>"</code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
the [[Put]] internal method of <i>array </i>with arguments
<code>"</code><code><b>length</b></code><code>"</code>,
<a href="x9.html#x9.6">ToUint32</a>(<i>pad</i>+<i>len</i>), and <b>false</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>array</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>ElementList</i>
<b>:</b> <i>Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><code>
</code><i>AssignmentExpression</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>array </i>be the result of creating a new object as if by the
expression <code><b>new Array() </b></code>where<code><b>
Array </b></code>is the standard built-in constructor with that
name.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>firstIndex </i>be the result of evaluating <i>Elision</i>; if
not present, use the numeric value zero.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>initResult </i>be the result of evaluating <i>AssignmentExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>initValue </i>be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>initResult</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
the [[DefineOwnProperty]] internal method of <i>array </i>with
arguments <a href="x9.html#x9.8">ToString</a>(<i>firstIndex)</i>, the <a href="x8.html#x8.10">Property Descriptor</a> {
[[Value]]: <i>initValue</i>, [[Writable]]: <b>true</b>,
[[Enumerable]]: <b>true</b>, [[Configurable]]: <b>true</b>}, and
<b>false</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>array</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>ElementList</i>
<b>:</b> <i>ElementList</i>
<b>,</b> <i>Elision</i><sub>opt</sub><code>
</code><i>AssignmentExpression</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>array </i>be the result of evaluating <i>ElementList</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>pad </i>be the result of evaluating <i>Elision</i>; if not
present, use the numeric value zero.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>initResult </i>be the result of evaluating <i>AssignmentExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>initValue </i>be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>initResult</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>len </i>be the result of calling the [[Get]] internal method of
<i>array </i>with argument <code>"</code><code><b>length</b></code><code>"</code>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
the [[DefineOwnProperty]] internal method of <i>array </i>with
arguments <a href="x9.html#x9.8">ToString</a>(<a href="x9.html#x9.6">ToUint32</a>((<i>pad</i>+<i>len</i>)) and the
<a href="x8.html#x8.10">Property Descriptor</a> { [[Value]]: <i>initValue</i>, [[Writable]]:
<b>true</b>, [[Enumerable]]: <b>true</b>, [[Configurable]]: <b>true</b>},
and <b>false</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>array</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>Elision</i>
<b>:</b> <b>,</b> is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the numeric value 1.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>Elision</i>
<b>:</b> <i>Elision</i>
<b>,</b> is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>preceding</i> be the result of evaluating <i>Elision</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>preceding</i>+1.</p>
</li></ol><p class="sp">
</p><p><b class="note">NOTE</b>
[[DefineOwnProperty]] is used to ensure that own properties are
defined for the array even if the standard built-in Array prototype
object has been modified in a manner that would preclude the
creation of new own properties using [[Put]].</p>
<h4 id="x11.1.5">11.1.5 Object Initialiser <a href="#x11.1.5">#</a> <a href="#x11.1.5-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
An
object initialiser is an expression describing the initialisation of
an Object, written in a form resembling a literal. It is a list of
zero or more pairs of property names and associated values, enclosed
in curly braces. The values need not be literals; they are evaluated
each time the object initialiser is evaluated.</p>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Syntax</b></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>ObjectLiteral </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<code><b>{
}</b></code> <i><br></i><code><b>{
</b></code> <i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i><code>
</code><code><b>}<br>{
</b></code> <i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i><code>
, </code><code><b>}</b></code></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>PropertyNameAndValueList </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>PropertyAssignment<br>PropertyNameAndValueList</i><code>
</code><code><b>,</b></code><code>
</code><i>PropertyAssignment</i></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>PropertyAssignment<b>
</b></i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>PropertyName </i><code><b>:</b></code> <i>AssignmentExpression<br></i><code><b>get</b></code> <i><b>
</b>PropertyName </i><code><b>(
)</b></code> <i> </i><code><b>{</b></code> <i>FunctionBody </i><code><b>}</b></code> <i><b><br></b></i><code><b>set</b></code> <i><b>
</b>PropertyName </i><code><b>(</b></code> <i><b>
</b>PropertySetParameterList </i><code><b>)
{</b></code> <i> FunctionBody </i><code><b>}</b></code></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>PropertyName </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>IdentifierName<br>StringLiteral<br>NumericLiteral</i></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>PropertySetParameterList<b>
</b></i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>Identifier</i></p>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Semantics</b></p>
<p>
The
production <i>ObjectLiteral</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>{</b></code><code>
</code><code><b>}</b></code> is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
a new object created as if by the expression <code><b>new
Object() </b></code>where <code><b>Object</b></code>
is <a href="x15.2.html#x15.2">the standard built-in constructor with that name</a>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
productions <i>ObjectLiteral</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>{</b></code><code>
</code><i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i>
<code><b>}</b></code>
and<br><i>ObjectLiteral</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>{</b></code><code>
</code><i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i>
<code>,</code><code><b>}</b></code>
are evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the result of evaluating <i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i>
<b>:</b> <i>PropertyAssignment</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>obj </i>be the result of creating a new object as if by the
expression <code><b>new Object()
</b></code>where <code><b>Object</b></code>
is <a href="x15.2.html#x15.2">the standard built-in constructor with that name</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>propId </i>be the result of evaluating <i>PropertyAssignment</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
the [[DefineOwnProperty]] internal method of <i>obj</i> with
arguments <i>propId</i>.name, <i>propId</i>.descriptor, and <b>false</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>obj</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production<br><i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i>
<b>:</b> <i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i>
<b>,</b> <i>PropertyAssignment</i><br>is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>obj</i> be the result of evaluating <i>PropertyNameAndValueList</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>propId</i> be the result of evaluating <i>PropertyAssignment</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>previous</i> be the result of calling the [[GetOwnProperty]]
internal method of <i>obj</i> with argument <i>propId</i>.name.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<i>previous</i> is not <b>undefined</b> then throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.4" class="term-ref">SyntaxError</a></b>
exception if any of the following conditions are true</p>
<ol><li><p>
This
production is contained in <a href="x10.html#x10.1.1">strict code</a> and
<a href="x8.html#x8.10.2">IsDataDescriptor</a>(<i>previous</i>) is <b>true</b> and
<a href="x8.html#x8.10.2">IsDataDescriptor</a>(<i>propId</i>.descriptor) is <b>true</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#x8.10.2">IsDataDescriptor</a>(<i>previous</i>)
is <b>true</b> and <a href="x8.html#x8.10.1">IsAccessorDescriptor</a>(<i>propId</i>.descriptor)
is <b>true.</b></p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#x8.10.1">IsAccessorDescriptor</a>(<i>previous</i>)
is <b>true</b> and <a href="x8.html#x8.10.2">IsDataDescriptor</a>(<i>propId</i>.descriptor) is
<b>true</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#x8.10.1">IsAccessorDescriptor</a>(<i>previous</i>)
is <b>true </b>and <a href="x8.html#x8.10.1">IsAccessorDescriptor</a>(<i>propId</i>.descriptor)
is <b>true </b>and either both <i>previous</i> and
<i>propId</i>.descriptor have [[Get]] fields or both <i>previous</i>
and <i>propId</i>.descriptor have [[Set]] fields</p>
</li></ol></li></ol><ol start="5"><li><p>
Call
the [[DefineOwnProperty]] internal method of <i>obj</i> with
arguments <i>propId</i>.name, <i>propId</i>.descriptor, and <b>false</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>obj</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
If
the above steps would throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.4" class="term-ref">SyntaxError</a></b> then an
implementation must treat the error as an early error (<a href="x16.html#x16">Clause 16</a>).</p>
<p>
The
production <i>PropertyAssignment</i>
<b>:</b> <i>PropertyName</i>
<code><b>:</b></code>
<i>AssignmentExpression</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>propName </i>be the result of evaluating <i>PropertyName</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>exprValue </i>be the result of evaluating <i>AssignmentExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>propValue </i>be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>exprValue</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>desc </i>be the <a href="x8.html#x8.10">Property Descriptor</a>{[[Value]]: <i>propValue</i>,
[[Writable]]: <b>true</b>, [[Enumerable]]: <b>true</b>,
[[Configurable]]: <b>true</b>}</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<a href="x8.html#property-identifier">Property Identifier</a> (<i>propName</i>, <i>desc</i>).</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>PropertyAssignment</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>get</b></code>
<i>PropertyName</i> <code><b>(
) {</b></code> <i><a href="x13.html#x13">FunctionBody</a></i><code>
</code><code><b>}</b></code> is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>propName </i>be the result of evaluating <i>PropertyName</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>closure </i>be the result of creating a new Function object as
specified in <a href="x13.html#x13.2">13.2</a> with an empty parameter list and body specified
by <i><a href="x13.html#x13">FunctionBody</a></i>. Pass in the <a href="x10.html#x10.2">LexicalEnvironment</a> of the
running execution context as the <i>Scope</i>. Pass in <b>true</b>
as the <i>Strict</i> flag if the <i>PropertyAssignment</i>
is contained in <a href="x10.html#x10.1.1">strict code</a> or if its <i><a href="x13.html#x13">FunctionBody</a></i> is <a href="x10.html#x10.1.1">strict code</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>desc</i> be the <a href="x8.html#x8.10">Property Descriptor</a>{[[Get]]: <i>closure</i>,
[[Enumerable]]: <b>true</b>, [[Configurable]]: <b>true</b>}</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<a href="x8.html#property-identifier">Property Identifier</a> (<i>propName</i>, <i>desc</i>).</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>PropertyAssignment</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>set</b></code>
<i>PropertyName</i> <code><b>(
</b></code> <i>PropertySetParameterList</i><code><b>
)</b></code><code> </code><code><b>{</b></code><code>
</code><i><a href="x13.html#x13">FunctionBody</a></i>
<code><b>}</b></code> is evaluated as
follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>propName </i>be the result of evaluating <i>PropertyName</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>closure</i> be the result of creating a new Function object as
specified in <a href="x13.html#x13.2">13.2</a> with parameters specified by
<i>PropertySetParameterList </i>and body specified by <i><a href="x13.html#x13">FunctionBody</a></i>.
Pass in the <a href="x10.html#x10.2">LexicalEnvironment</a> of the running execution context as
the <i>Scope</i>. Pass in <b>true</b> as the <i>Strict</i> flag if
the <i>PropertyAssignment</i>
is contained in <a href="x10.html#x10.1.1">strict code</a> or if its <i><a href="x13.html#x13">FunctionBody</a></i> is <a href="x10.html#x10.1.1">strict code</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>desc</i> be the <a href="x8.html#x8.10">Property Descriptor</a>{[[Set]]: <i>closure</i>,
[[Enumerable]]: <b>true</b>, [[Configurable]]: <b>true</b>}</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<a href="x8.html#property-identifier">Property Identifier</a> (<i>propName</i>, <i>desc</i>).</p>
</li></ol><p>
It is
a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.4" class="term-ref">SyntaxError</a></b> if the <i>Identifier</i>
<code><b>"eval"</b></code>
or the <i>Identifier </i><code><b>"arguments"</b></code>
occurs as the <i>Identifier</i>
in a <i>PropertySetParameterList</i><code><b>
</b></code>of a
<i>PropertyAssignment</i>
that is contained in <a href="x10.html#x10.1.1">strict code</a>
or if its <i><a href="x13.html#x13">FunctionBody</a></i>
is <a href="x10.html#x10.1.1">strict code</a>.</p>
<p>
The
production <i>PropertyName</i>
<b>: </b> <i>IdentifierName</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the String value containing the same sequence of characters as the
<i>IdentifierName</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>PropertyName</i>
<b>: </b> <i>StringLiteral</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the SV of the <i>StringLiteral</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>PropertyName</i>
<b>:</b> <i>NumericLiteral</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>nbr </i>be the result of forming the value of the
<i>NumericLiteral</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<a href="x9.html#x9.8">ToString</a>(<i>nbr</i>).</p>
</li></ol><h4 id="x11.1.6">11.1.6 The Grouping Operator <a href="#x11.1.6">#</a> <a href="#x11.1.6-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
production <i>PrimaryExpression</i>
<b>:</b><i> </i><code><b>(</b></code>
<i>Expression</i> <code><b>)</b></code>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the result of evaluating <i>Expression</i>. This may be of type
Reference.</p>
</li></ol><p class="sp">
</p><p><b class="note">NOTE</b> This
algorithm does not apply <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a> to the result of evaluating
Expression. The principal motivation for this is so that operators
such as <code><b>delete</b></code> and
<code><b>typeof</b></code> may be
applied to parenthesised expressions.</p>
<h3 id="x11.2">11.2 Left-Hand-Side Expressions <a href="#x11.2">#</a> <a href="#x11.2-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h3>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Syntax</b></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>MemberExpression </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>PrimaryExpression<br>FunctionExpression<br>MemberExpression </i><code><b>[</b></code> <i>Expression </i><code><b>]<br></b></code> <i>MemberExpression </i><code><b>.</b></code> <i>IdentifierName<br></i><code><b>new</b></code> <i>MemberExpression</i><code><b>
</b></code> <i>Arguments</i></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>NewExpression </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>MemberExpression</i><code><b><br>new</b></code> <i>NewExpression</i></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>CallExpression </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>MemberExpression</i><code><b>
</b></code> <i>Arguments</i><code><b><br></b></code> <i>CallExpression</i><code><b>
</b></code> <i>Arguments</i><code><b><br></b></code> <i>CallExpression </i><code><b>[</b></code> <i>Expression </i><code><b>]<br></b></code> <i>CallExpression </i><code><b>.</b></code> <i>IdentifierName</i></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>Arguments </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<code><b>(</b></code> <code><b>)<br>(</b></code> <i>ArgumentList </i><code><b>)</b></code></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>ArgumentList </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>AssignmentExpression<br>ArgumentList </i><code><b>,</b></code> <i>AssignmentExpression</i></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>LeftHandSideExpression </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>NewExpression<br>CallExpression</i></p>
<h4 id="x11.2.1">11.2.1 Property Accessors <a href="#x11.2.1">#</a> <a href="#x11.2.1-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
Properties
are accessed by name, using either the dot notation:</p>
<p class="code-example">
<i>MemberExpression </i><code><b>.</b></code> <i>IdentifierName<br>CallExpression </i><code><b>.</b></code> <i>IdentifierName</i></p>
<p class="sm-btm">
or
the bracket notation:</p>
<p class="code-example">
<i>MemberExpression </i><code><b>[</b></code> <i>Expression </i><code><b>]</b></code> <i><br>CallExpression </i><code><b>[</b></code> <i>Expression </i><code><b>]</b></code></p>
<p class="sm-btm">
The
dot notation is explained by the following syntactic conversion:</p>
<p class="code-example">
<i>MemberExpression </i><code><b>.</b></code> <i>IdentifierName</i></p>
<p class="sm-btm">
is
identical in its behaviour to</p>
<p class="code-example">
<i>MemberExpression </i><code><b>[</b></code> <i><identifier-name-string> </i><code><b>]</b></code></p>
<p class="sm-btm">
and
similarly</p>
<p class="code-example">
<i>CallExpression </i><code><b>.</b></code> <i>IdentifierName</i></p>
<p>
is
identical in its behaviour to</p>
<p class="code-example">
<i>CallExpression </i><code><b>[</b></code> <i><identifier-name-string> </i><code><b>]</b></code></p>
<p>
where
<i><identifier-name-string></i>
is a string literal containing the same sequence of characters after
processing of Unicode escape sequences as the <i>IdentifierName</i>.</p>
<p>
The
production <i>MemberExpression</i>
<b>:</b> <i>MemberExpression</i>
<code><b>[</b></code> <i>Expression</i>
<code><b>]</b></code> is evaluated as
follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>baseReference</i> be the result of evaluating <i>MemberExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>baseValue</i> be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>baseReference</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>propertyNameReference</i> be the result of evaluating
<i>Expression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>propertyNameValue</i> be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>propertyNameReference</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
<a href="x9.html#x9.10">CheckObjectCoercible</a>(<i>baseValue</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>propertyNameString</i> be <a href="x9.html#x9.8">ToString</a>(<i>propertyNameValue</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
the syntactic production that is being evaluated is contained in
<a href="x10.html#x10.1.1" class="term-ref">strict mode code</a>, let <i>strict</i> be <b>true</b>, else let <i>strict</i>
be <b>false</b>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
a value of type <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a> whose base value is <i>baseValue</i> and
whose referenced name is <i>propertyNameString</i>, and whose
strict mode flag is <i>strict</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>CallExpression</i>
<b>:</b><i> </i><i>CallExpression</i> <code><b>[</b></code> <i>Expression</i> <code><b>]</b></code> is evaluated
in exactly the same manner, except that the contained <i>CallExpression</i>
is evaluated in step 1.</p>
<h4 id="x11.2.2">11.2.2 The new Operator <a href="#x11.2.2">#</a> <a href="#x11.2.2-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
production <i>NewExpression</i> <b>:</b><i> </i><code><b>new</b></code> <i>NewExpression</i> is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>ref</i> be the result of evaluating <i>NewExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>constructor</i> be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>ref</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<i>constructor</i>) is not Object, throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.5" class="term-ref">TypeError</a></b>
exception.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<i>constructor</i> does not implement the [[Construct]] internal
method, throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.5" class="term-ref">TypeError</a></b> exception.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
the result of calling the [[Construct]] internal method on
<i>constructor</i>, providing no arguments (that is, an empty list
of arguments).</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>MemberExpression</i>
<b>:</b> <code><b>new</b></code>
<i>MemberExpression</i>
<i>Arguments</i> is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>ref</i> be the result of evaluating <i>MemberExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>constructor</i> be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>ref</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>argList</i> be the result of evaluating <i>Arguments</i>,
producing an internal list of argument values (<a href="#x11.2.4">11.2.4</a>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<i>constructor</i>) is not Object, throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.5" class="term-ref">TypeError</a></b>
exception.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<i>constructor</i> does not implement the [[Construct]] internal
method, throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.5" class="term-ref">TypeError</a></b> exception.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
the result of calling the [[Construct]] internal method on
<i>constructor</i>, providing the list <i>argList</i> as the
argument values.</p>
</li></ol><h4 id="x11.2.3">11.2.3 Function Calls <a href="#x11.2.3">#</a> <a href="#x11.2.3-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
production <i>CallExpression</i>
<b>:</b> <i>MemberExpression</i>
<i>Arguments</i> is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>ref</i> be the result of evaluating <i>MemberExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>func</i> be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>ref</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>argList</i> be the result of evaluating <i>Arguments</i>,
producing an internal list of argument values (see <a href="#x11.2.4">11.2.4</a>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<i>func</i>) is not Object, throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.5" class="term-ref">TypeError</a></b>
exception.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<a href="x9.html#x9.11">IsCallable</a>(<i>func</i>) is <b>false</b>, throw a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.5" class="term-ref">TypeError</a></b>
exception.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
If
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<i>ref</i>) is <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a>, then</p>
<ol><li><p>
If
<a href="x8.html#IsPropertyReference">IsPropertyReference</a>(<i>ref</i>) is <b>true</b>, then</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>thisValue</i> be <a href="x8.html#GetBase">GetBase</a>(<i>ref</i>).</p>
</li></ol></li>
<li><p>
Else,
the base of <i>ref</i> is an <a href="x10.html#x10.2.1">Environment Record</a></p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>thisValue</i> be the result of calling the ImplicitThisValue
concrete method of <a href="x8.html#GetBase">GetBase</a>(ref).</p>
</li></ol></li></ol></li>
<li><p>
Else,
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<i>ref</i>) is not <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a>.</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>thisValue</i> be <b>undefined</b>.</p>
</li></ol></li>
<li><p>
Return
the result of calling the [[Call]] internal method on <i>func</i>,
providing <i>thisValue</i> as the <b>this</b> value and providing
the list <i>argList</i> as the argument values.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>CallExpression</i>
<b>:</b> <i>CallExpression</i>
<i>Arguments</i> is
evaluated in exactly the same manner, except that the contained
<i>CallExpression</i> is
evaluated in step 1.</p>
<p class="sp">
</p><p><b class="note">NOTE</b> The returned
result will never be of type <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a> if <i>func</i>
is a native ECMAScript object. Whether calling a host object can
return a value of type <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a> is implementation-dependent. If a
value of type <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a> is returned, it must be a non-strict
Property <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a>.</p>
<h4 id="x11.2.4">11.2.4 Argument Lists <a href="#x11.2.4">#</a> <a href="#x11.2.4-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
evaluation of an argument list produces a <a href="x8.html#x8.8">List</a> of values (see <a href="x8.html#x8.8">8.8</a>).</p>
<p>
The
production <i>Arguments </i><b>:</b>
<code><b>( )</b></code> is evaluated
as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
an empty <a href="x8.html#x8.8">List</a>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>Arguments</i> <b>:</b><i> </i><code><b>(
</b></code> <i>ArgumentList</i><code><b>
)</b></code> is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the result of evaluating <i>ArgumentList</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>ArgumentList</i> <b>:</b><code><b>
</b></code> <i>AssignmentExpression</i><code><b>
</b></code>is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>ref</i> be the result of evaluating <i>AssignmentExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>arg</i> be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>ref</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
a <a href="x8.html#x8.8">List</a> whose sole item is <i>arg</i>.</p>
</li></ol><p>
The
production <i>ArgumentList</i> <b>:</b><code><b></b></code> <i>ArgumentList</i><code><b>
,</b></code> <i>AssignmentExpression</i><code><b>
</b></code>is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>precedingArgs</i> be the result of evaluating <i>ArgumentList</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>ref</i> be the result of evaluating <i>AssignmentExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>arg</i> be <a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>ref</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
a <a href="x8.html#x8.8">List</a> whose length is one greater than the length of <i>precedingArgs</i>
and whose items are the items of <i>precedingArgs</i>, in order,
followed at the end by <i>arg</i> which is the last item of the new
list.</p>
</li></ol><h4 id="x11.2.5">11.2.5 Function Expressions <a href="#x11.2.5">#</a> <a href="#x11.2.5-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
production <i>MemberExpression</i>
<b>:</b> <i>FunctionExpression</i>
is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Return
the result of evaluating <i>FunctionExpression</i>.</p>
</li></ol><h3 id="x11.3">11.3 Postfix Expressions <a href="#x11.3">#</a> <a href="#x11.3-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h3>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Syntax</b></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>PostfixExpression </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">
<i>LeftHandSideExpression<br>LeftHandSideExpression</i><code><b>
</b></code><a href="x5.html#restricted-production">[no <i>LineTerminator</i> here]</a><code><b>
++</b></code> <i><br>LeftHandSideExpression</i><code><b>
</b></code><a href="x5.html#restricted-production">[no <i>LineTerminator</i> here]</a><code><b>
--</b></code></p>
<h4 id="x11.3.1">11.3.1 Postfix Increment Operator <a href="#x11.3.1">#</a> <a href="#x11.3.1-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
production <i>PostfixExpression</i>
<b>:</b> <i>LeftHandSideExpression</i><code>
</code><a href="x5.html#restricted-production">[no <i>LineTerminator</i> here]</a><code> </code><code><b>++
</b></code>is evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>lhs</i> be the result of evaluating <i>LeftHandSideExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Throw
a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.4" class="term-ref">SyntaxError</a></b> exception if the following conditions are all
true:</p>
<ul><li><p>
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<i>lhs</i>)
is <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a> is <b>true</b></p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#IsStrictReference">IsStrictReference</a>(<i>lhs</i>)
is <b>true</b></p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<a href="x8.html#GetBase">GetBase</a>(<i>lhs</i>))
is <a href="x10.html#x10.2.1">Environment Record</a></p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#GetReferencedName">GetReferencedName</a>(<i>lhs</i>)
is either <code><b>"eval"</b></code>
or<code><b> "arguments"</b></code></p>
</li></ul></li></ol><ol start="3"><li><p>
Let
<i>oldValue</i> be <a href="x9.html#x9.3">ToNumber</a>(<a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>lhs</i>)).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>newValue</i> be the result of adding the value <code><b>1</b></code>
to <i>oldValue</i>, using the same rules as for the <code><b>+</b></code>
operator (see <a href="#x11.6.3">11.6.3</a>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
<a href="x8.html#x8.7.2">PutValue</a>(<i>lhs</i>, <i>newValue</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>oldValue</i>.</p>
</li></ol><h4 id="x11.3.2">11.3.2 Postfix Decrement Operator <a href="#x11.3.2">#</a> <a href="#x11.3.2-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h4>
<p>
The
production <i>PostfixExpression</i>
<b>:</b> <i>LeftHandSideExpression</i><code>
</code>[no <i>LineTerminator</i> here]<code>
</code><code><b>-- </b></code>is
evaluated as follows:</p>
<ol><li><p>
Let
<i>lhs</i> be the result of evaluating <i>LeftHandSideExpression</i>.</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Throw
a <b><a href="x15.11.html#x15.11.6.4" class="term-ref">SyntaxError</a></b> exception if the following conditions are all
true:</p>
<ul><li><p>
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<i>lhs</i>)
is <a href="x8.html#x8.7">Reference</a> is <b>true</b></p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#IsStrictReference">IsStrictReference</a>(<i>lhs</i>)
is <b>true</b></p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#Type">Type</a>(<a href="x8.html#GetBase">GetBase</a>(<i>lhs</i>))
is <a href="x10.html#x10.2.1">Environment Record</a></p>
</li>
<li><p>
<a href="x8.html#GetReferencedName">GetReferencedName</a>(<i>lhs</i>)
is either <code><b>"eval"</b></code>
or<code><b> "arguments"</b></code></p>
</li></ul></li></ol><ol start="3"><li><p>
Let
<i>oldValue</i> be <a href="x9.html#x9.3">ToNumber</a>(<a href="x8.html#x8.7.1">GetValue</a>(<i>lhs</i>)).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Let
<i>newValue</i> be the result of subtracting the value <code><b>1</b></code>
from <i>oldValue</i>, using the same rules as for the <code><b>-</b></code>
operator (<a href="#x11.6.3">11.6.3</a>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Call
<a href="x8.html#x8.7.2">PutValue</a>(<i>lhs</i>, <i>newValue</i>).</p>
</li>
<li><p>
Return
<i>oldValue</i>.</p>
</li></ol><h3 id="x11.4">11.4 Unary Operators <a href="#x11.4">#</a> <a href="#x11.4-toc" class="bak">Ⓣ</a> <b class="erra">Ⓔ</b> <b class="rev1">①</b> <b class="anno">Ⓐ</b></h3>
<p class="tiny-btm">
<b>Syntax</b></p>
<p class="keep">
<i>UnaryExpression </i><b>:</b></p>
<p class="def1-btm">