Use built-in validation for altitude

[agners]

This improves the error location and message while being still backwards
compatible.

What does this implement/fix?

Quick description

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Configuration change (this will require users to update their yaml configuration files to keep working)

Related issue or feature (if applicable):

• Noted in: Sensirion SCD30: Cannot set ambient_pressure_compensation issues#1840

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP8266
• Windows
• Mac OS
• Linux

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml
sensor:
  - platform: scd30
    co2:
      id: sensirion
      name: "Sensirion CO2"
      retain: False
      accuracy_decimals: 1
    temperature:
      name: "Sensirion Temperature"
      retain: False
      accuracy_decimals: 2
    humidity:
      name: "Sensirion Humidity"
      retain: False
      accuracy_decimals: 1
    altitude_compensation: 500m
    address: 0x61
    update_interval: 60s

Explain your changes

Describe your changes here to communicate to the maintainers why we should accept this pull request.
Very important to fill if no issue linked

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[jesserockz]

Thanks