Add MCP2515 12MHz xtal support

[clydebarrow]

What does this implement/fix?

• Add support for 12MHz crystal oscillator frequency to MCP2515 driver.
• Add additional error checks.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3055

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml
  - id: can2
    platform: mcp2515
    cs_pin: GPIO13
    clock: 12MHZ
    bit_rate: 500kbps
    can_id: 0x35E

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @danielschramm, @mvturnho, mind taking a look at this pull request as it has been labeled with an integration (mcp2515) you are listed as a code owner for? Thanks!
_{^{(message by CodeOwnersMention)}}

[danielschramm]

Great work, thanks.