Add support for VEML3235 lux sensor

[kbx81]

What does this implement/fix?

Add support for VEML3235 lux sensor

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3471

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml
sensor:
  - platform: veml3235
    name: Light Sensor
    auto_gain: true
    auto_gain_threshold_high: 0.9
    auto_gain_threshold_low: 0.2
    digital_gain: 1X
    gain: 1X
    integration_time: 50ms

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @kbx81,
Thanks for submitting this pull request! Can you add yourself as a codeowner for this integration? This way we can notify you if a bug report for this integration is reported.
In __init__.py of the integration, please add:

CODEOWNERS = ["@kbx81"]

And run script/build_codeowners.py

_{^{(message by NeedsCodeownersLabel)}}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (249cd67) 53.69% compared to head (d340c9f) 53.69%.
Report is 1 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

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[jesserockz]

A few minor things below

[esphome]

Please take a look at the requested changes, and use the Ready for review button when you are done, thanks 👍

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