Add some components to the new testing framework (A part 2)

[kbx81]

What does this implement/fix?

Add some components to the new testing framework -- the second half of components beginning with the letter "A" -- continues on #6142

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (0fa0904) 53.71% compared to head (0212c3d) 53.71%.
Report is 2 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##              dev    #6162   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   53.71%   53.71%           
=======================================
  Files          50       50           
  Lines        9404     9404           
  Branches     1653     1653           
=======================================
  Hits         5051     5051           
- Misses       4055     4056    +1     
+ Partials      298      297    -1     

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