Add some components to the new testing framework (P)

[kbx81]

What does this implement/fix?

Add components beginning with the letter "P" to the new testing framework.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#

Test Environment

• ESP32P
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (edd1678) 53.70% compared to head (e80c5d1) 53.70%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##              dev    #6213   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   53.70%   53.70%           
=======================================
  Files          50       50           
  Lines        9408     9408           
  Branches     1654     1654           
=======================================
  Hits         5053     5053           
  Misses       4056     4056           
  Partials      299      299           

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