Add more debugging logs to microWakeWord

[kahrendt]

What does this implement/fix?

• Will fill the audio buffer and warn if it is too full; e.g., people run it on an ESP32 or have too many other slow components
• Add a basic dump_config output that logs the wake word, probability cutoff, and sliding window size
• Validate the probability_cutoff parameter as a percentage rather than a generic float (fixes an issue where people could define a cutoff not between 0%=0.0 and 100%=1.0
• Add a getter function for the wake word string. May be useful in lambdas to display the wake word.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): not applicable

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3609

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml

micro_wake_word:
  on_wake_word_detected:
    - voice_assistant.start:
  model: okay_nabu
  probability_cutoff: 50%

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (27a3a08) 53.71% compared to head (02c45c6) 53.71%.

Additional details and impacted files

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  Hits         5051     5051           
  Misses       4055     4055           
  Partials      298      298           

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[probot-esphome]

Hey there @jesserockz, mind taking a look at this pull request as it has been labeled with an integration (micro_wake_word) you are listed as a code owner for? Thanks!
_{^{(message by CodeOwnersMention)}}