Allow to specify global build directory

[werwolfby]

Note

Reopen after rebase of #5387

What does this implement/fix?

Default implementation use .esphome/build folder to store build artifacts. This folder can be relatively big. I run esphome container in kubernetes and all /config folder is mounted as remote storage. This is fine for small pregenerated json and idedata. But this is not best option for build temporary files. Instead I can use local storage for .esphome/build folders.

This PR allows to specify ESPHOME_BUILD_PATH environment variable that will be used as default build folder path. This build path still can be overridden by individual components over build_path option (as described in doc), but introduce default folder that can be specified.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other
  Related issue or feature (if applicable):

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3183

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 50.00000% with 2 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 53.56%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (6c64f86).
Report is 24 commits behind head on dev.

Files	Patch %	Lines
esphome/core/config.py	50.00%	1 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #6276      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   53.70%   53.56%   -0.15%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9438      +30     
  Branches     1654     1661       +7     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5055       +2     
- Misses       4056     4079      +23     
- Partials      299      304       +5     

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[esphome]

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