SPI schema now uses typed_schema with type key

[clydebarrow]

What does this implement/fix?

SPI schema now uses typed_schema with type key to choose between single and quad. This improves
error reporting.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3676

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml
spi:
  - id: spi_id_1
    clk_pin:
      number: GPIO7
      allow_other_uses: false
    mosi_pin: GPIO6
    interface: hardware
  - id: quad_spi
    type: quad
    clk_pin: 47
    interface: spi3
    data_pins:
      - number: 40
        allow_other_uses: false
      - 41
      - 42
      - 43
  - id: spi_id_3
    clk_pin: 8
    mosi_pin: 9
    interface: any

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @esphome/core, mind taking a look at this pull request as it has been labeled with an integration (spi) you are listed as a code owner for? Thanks!
_{^{(message by CodeOwnersMention)}}

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 53.50%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (82ba7e0).
Report is 89 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #6353      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   53.70%   53.50%   -0.21%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9515     +107     
  Branches     1654     1683      +29     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5091      +38     
- Misses       4056     4117      +61     
- Partials      299      307       +8     

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