Add an overview of how a transaction gets executed in Ethereum PoS [Fixes #8546]

[danceratopz]

This PR adds a section with a top-level overview of how a transaction gets executed in Ethereum PoS to /developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pos/index.md.

Description

This new section is analogous to the existing one for Ethereum PoW in developers/docs/consensus-mechanisms/pow/index.md.

Related Issue

This PR fixes the feature requests in #8546.

Grateful for any feedback, suggestions or corrections!

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[jmcook1186]

Overall I think this is a good addition - thanks. I have suggested some changes that I think make the description a bit more clear and precise in places. Pinging @wackerow to take a look too if he has time.

[danceratopz]

Overall I think this is a good addition - thanks. I have suggested some changes that I think make the description a bit more clear and precise in places. Pinging @wackerow to take a look too if he has time.

Thanks a lot for adding the additional information and making the process clearer.

[corwintines]

Thanks @danceratopz!

[corwintines]

@all-contributors can you add @danceratopz for content

[allcontributors]

@corwintines

I've put up a pull request to add @danceratopz! 🎉

[corwintines]

Nice suggestion @danceratopz!

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[danceratopz]

Thanks @corwintines and @jmcook1186 for the big improvements on the original text. Stoked to see this merged and love the gitpoap!