perl5i.pm

package perl5i;

######################################
# The real code is in perl5i::2      #
# Please patch that                  #
######################################

use strict;
use parent 'perl5i::latest';

use perl5i::VERSION; our $VERSION = perl5i::VERSION->VERSION;

my $Latest = perl5i::VERSION->latest;

sub import {
    if ($0 eq '-e') {
        goto &perl5i::latest::import;
    }
    else {
        require Carp::Fix::1_25;
        Carp::Fix::1_25::croak(<<END);
perl5i will break compatibility in the future, you can't just "use perl5i".

Instead, "use $Latest" which will guarantee compatibility with all
features supplied in that major version.

Type "perldoc perl5i" for details in the section "Using perl5i".
END
    }
}

1;

__END__

=encoding utf8

=head1 NAME

perl5i - Fix as much of Perl 5 as possible in one pragma

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use perl5i::2;

  or

  $ perl5i your_script.pl

=head1 DESCRIPTION

Perl 5 has a lot of warts.  There's a lot of individual modules and
techniques out there to fix those warts.  perl5i aims to pull the best
of them together into one module so you can turn them on all at once.

This includes adding features, changing existing core functions and
changing defaults.  It will likely not be 100% backwards compatible
with Perl 5, though it will be 99%, perl5i will try to have a lexical
effect.

Please add to this imaginary world and help make it real, either by
telling me what Perl looks like in your imagination
(F<http://github.com/schwern/perl5i/issues>) or make a fork (forking on
github is like a branch you control) and implement it yourself.


=head1 Using perl5i

Because perl5i I<plans> to be incompatible in the future, you do not
simply C<use perl5i>.  You must declare which major version of perl5i
you are using.  You do this like so:

    # Use perl5i major version 2
    use perl5i::2;

Thus the code you write with, for example, C<perl5i::2> will always
remain compatible even as perl5i moves on.

If you want to be daring, you can C<use perl5i::latest> to get the
latest version. This will automatically happen if the program is C<-e>.
This lets you do slightly less typing for one-liners like C<perl -Mperl5i -e ...>

If you want your module to depend on perl5i, you should depend on the
versioned class.  For example, depend on C<perl5i::2> and not
C<perl5i>.

See L</VERSIONING> for more information about perl5i's versioning
scheme.


=head1 What it does

perl5i enables each of these modules and adds/changes these functions.
We'll provide a brief description here, but you should look at each of
their documentation for full details.


=head2 The Meta Object

Every object (and everything is an object) now has a meta object
associated with it.  Using the meta object you can ask things about
the object which were previously over complicated.  For example...

    # the object's class
    my $class = $obj->mo->class;

    # its parent classes
    my @isa = $obj->mo->isa;

    # the complete inheritance hierarchy
    my @complete_isa = $obj->mo->linear_isa;

    # the reference type of the object
    my $reftype = $obj->mo->reftype;

A meta object is used to avoid polluting the global method space.
C<mo> was chosen to avoid clashing with Moose's meta object.

See L<perl5i::Meta> for complete details.


=head2 Subroutine and Method Signatures

perl5i makes it easier to declare what parameters a subroutine takes.

    func hello($place) {
        say "Hello, $place!\n";
    }

    method get($key) {
        return $self->{$key};
    }

    method new($class: %args) {
        return bless \%args, $class;
    }

C<func> and C<method> define subroutines as C<sub> does, with some
extra conveniences.

The signature syntax is currently very simple.  The content will be
assigned from @_.  This:

    func add($this, $that) {
        return $this + $that;
    }

is equivalent to:

    sub add {
        my($this, $that) = @_;
        return $this + $that;
    }

C<method> defines a method.  This is the same as a subroutine, but the
first argument, the I<invocant>, will be removed and made into
C<$self>.

    method get($key) {
        return $self->{$key};
    }

    sub get {
        my $self = shift;
        my($key) = @_;
        return $self->{$key};
    }

Methods have a special bit of syntax.  If the first item in the
siganture is C<$var:> it will change the variable used to store the
invocant.

    method new($class: %args) {
        return bless \%args, $class;
    }

is equivalent to:

    sub new {
        my $class = shift;
        my %args = @_;
        return bless \%args, $class;
    }

Anonymous functions and methods work, too.

    my $code = func($message) { say $message };

Guarantees include:

  @_ will not be modified except by removing the invocant

Future versions of perl5i will add to the signature syntax and
capabilities.  Planned expansions include:

  Signature validation
  Signature documentation
  Named parameters
  Required parameters
  Read only parameters
  Aliased parameters
  Anonymous method and function declaration
  Variable method and function names
  Parameter traits
  Traditional prototypes

See L<http://github.com/schwern/perl5i/issues/labels/syntax#issue/19> for
more details about future expansions.

The equivalencies above should only be taken for illustrative
purposes, they are not guaranteed to be literally equivalent.

Note that while all parameters are optional by default, the number of
parameters will eventually be enforced.  For example, right now this
will work:

    func add($this, $that) { return $this + $that }

    say add(1,2,3);  # says 3

The extra argument is ignored.  In future versions of perl5i this will
be a runtime error.


=head3 Signature Introspection

The signature of a subroutine defined with C<func> or C<method> can be
queried by calling the C<signature> method on the code reference.

    func hello($greeting, $place) { say "$greeting, $place" }

    my $code = \&hello;
    say $code->signature->num_positional_params;  # prints 2

Functions defined with C<sub> will not have a signature.

See L<perl5i::Signature> for more details.


=head2 Autoboxing

L<autobox> allows methods to be defined for and called on most
unblessed variables.  This means you can call methods on ordinary
strings, lists and hashes!  It also means perl5i can add a lot of
functionality without polluting the global namespace.

L<autobox::Core> wraps a lot of Perl's built in functions so they can
be called as methods on unblessed variables.  C<< @a->pop >> for example.

=head3 alias

    $scalar_reference->alias( @identifiers );
    @alias->alias( @identifiers );
    %hash->alias( @identifiers );
    (\&code)->alias( @identifiers );

Aliases a variable to a new global name.

    my $code = sub { 42 };
    $code->alias( "foo" );
    say foo();        # prints 42

It will work on everything except scalar references.

    our %stuff;
    %other_hash->alias( "stuff" );  # %stuff now aliased to %other_hash

It is not a copy, changes to one will change the other.

    my %things = (foo => 23);
    our %stuff;
    %things->alias( "stuff" );  # alias %things to %stuff
    $stuff{foo} = 42;           # change %stuff
    say $things{foo};           # and it will show up in %things

Multiple @identifiers will be joined with '::' and used as the fully
qualified name for the alias.

    my $class = "Some::Class";
    my $name  = "foo";
    sub { 99 }->alias( $class, $name );
    say Some::Class->foo;  # prints 99

If there is just one @identifier and it has no "::" in it, the current
caller will be prepended.  C<< $thing->alias("name") >> is shorthand for
C<< $thing->alias(CLASS, "name") >>

Due to limitations in autobox, non-reference scalars cannot be
aliased.  Alias a scalar ref instead.

    my $thing = 23;
    $thing->alias("foo");  # error

    my $thing = \23;
    $thing->alias("foo");  # $foo is now aliased to $thing

This is basically a nicer way to say:

    no strict 'refs';
    *{$package . '::'. $name} = $reference;


=head2 Scalar Autoboxing

All of the methods provided by L<autobox::Core> are available from perl5i.

in addition, perl5i adds some methods of its own.

=head3 center

    my $centered_string = $string->center($length);
    my $centered_string = $string->center($length, $character);

Centers $string between $character.  $centered_string will be of
length $length.

C<$character> defaults to " ".

    say "Hello"->center(10);        # "   Hello  ";
    say "Hello"->center(10, '-');   # "---Hello--";

C<center()> will never truncate C<$string>.  If $length is less
than C<< $string->length >> it will just return C<$string>.

    say "Hello"->center(4);        # "Hello";

=head3 round

    my $rounded_number = $number->round;

Round to the nearest integer.

=head3 round_up

=head3 ceil

    my $new_number = $number->round_up;

Rounds the $number towards infinity.

    2.45->round_up;   # 3
  (-2.45)->round_up;  # -2

ceil() is a synonym for round_up().


=head3 round_down

=head3 floor

    my $new_number = $number->round_down;

Rounds the $number towards negative infinity.

    2.45->round_down;  # 2
  (-2.45)->round_down; # -3

floor() is a synonyn for round_down().


=head3 is_number

    $is_a_number = $thing->is_number;

Returns true if $thing is a number understood by Perl.

    12.34->is_number;           # true
    "12.34"->is_number;         # also true
    "eleven"->is_number;        # false

=head3 is_positive

    $is_positive = $thing->is_positive;

Returns true if $thing is a positive number.

0 is not positive.

=head3 is_negative

    $is_negative = $thing->is_negative;

Returns true if $thing is a negative number.

0 is not negative.

=head3 is_even

    $is_even = $thing->is_even;

Returns true if $thing is an even integer.

=head3 is_odd

    $is_odd = $thing->is_odd;

Returns true if $thing is an odd integer.

=head3 is_integer

    $is_an_integer = $thing->is_integer;

Returns true if $thing is an integer.

    12->is_integer;             # true
    12.34->is_integer;          # false
    "eleven"->is_integer;       # false

=head3 is_int

A synonym for is_integer

=head3 is_decimal

    $is_a_decimal_number = $thing->is_decimal;

Returns true if $thing is a decimal number.

    12->is_decimal;             # false
    12.34->is_decimal;          # true
    ".34"->is_decimal;          # true
    "point five"->is_decimal;   # false

=head3 require

    my $module = $module->require;

Will C<require> the given $module.  This avoids funny things like
C<eval qq[require $module] or die $@>.  It accepts only module names.

On failure it will throw an exception, just like C<require>.  On a
success it returns the $module.  This is mostly useful so that you can
immediately call $module's C<import> method to emulate a C<use>.

    # like "use $module qw(foo bar);" if that worked
    $module->require->import(qw(foo bar));

    # like "use $module;" if that worked
    $module->require->import;

=head3 wrap

    my $wrapped = $string->wrap( width => $cols, separator => $sep );

Wraps $string to width $cols, breaking lines at word boundries using
separator $sep.

If no width is given, $cols defaults to 76. Default line separator is
the newline character "\n".

See L<Text::Wrap> for details.

=head3 ltrim

=head3 rtrim

=head3 trim

    my $trimmed = $string->trim;
    my $trimmed = $string->trim($character_set);

Trim whitespace.  ltrim() trims off the start of the string (left),
rtrim() off the end (right) and trim() off both the start and end.

    my $string = '    testme'->ltrim;        # 'testme'
    my $string = 'testme    '->rtrim;        # 'testme'
    my $string = '    testme    '->trim;     # 'testme'

They all take an optional $character_set which will determine what
characters should be trimmed.  It follows regex character set syntax
so C<A-Z> will trim everything from A to Z.  Defaults to C<\s>,
whitespace.

    my $string = '-> test <-'->trim('-><');  # ' test '   


=head3 title_case

    my $name = 'joe smith'->title_case;   # Joe Smith

Will uppercase every word character that follows a wordbreak character.


=head3 path2module

    my $module = $path->path2module;

Given a relative $path it will return the Perl module this represents.
For example,

    "Foo/Bar.pm"->path2module;  # "Foo::Bar"

It will throw an exception if given something which could not be a
path to a Perl module.

=head3 module2path

    my $path = $module->module2path;

Will return the relative $path in which the Perl $module can be found.
For example,

    "Foo::Bar"->module2path;  # "Foo/Bar.pm"


=head3 is_module_name

    my $is_valid = $string->is_module_name;

Will return true if the $string is a valid module name.

    "Foo::Bar"->is_module_name;  # true
    "Foo/Bar"->is_module_name;   # false


=head3 group_digits

    my $number_grouped     = $number->group_digits;
    my $number_grouped     = $number->group_digits(\%options);

Turns a number like 1234567 into a string like 1,234,567 known as "digit grouping".

It honors your current locale to determine the separator and grouping.
This can be overridden using C<%options>.

NOTE: many systems do not have their numeric locales set properly

=over 4

=item separator

The character used to separate groups.  Defaults to "thousands_sep" in
your locale or "," if your locale doesn't specify.

=item decimal_point

The decimal point character.  Defaults to "decimal_point" in your
locale or "." if your locale does not specify.

=item grouping

How many numbers in a group?  Defaults to "grouping" in your locale or
3 if your locale doesn't specify.

Note: we don't honor the full grouping locale, its a wee bit too complicated.

=item currency

If true, it will treat the number as currency and use the monetary
locale settings.  "mon_thousands_sep" instead of "thousands_sep" and
"mon_grouping" instead of "grouping".


=back

    1234->group_digits;                      # 1,234 (assuming US locale)
    1234->group_digits( separator => "." );  # 1.234


=head3 commify

    my $number_grouped = $number->commify;
    my $number_grouped = $number->commify(\%options);

commify() is just like group_digits() but it is not locale aware.  It
is useful when you want a predictable result regardless of the user's
locale settings.

C<%options> defaults to C<< ( separator => ",", grouping => 3, decimal_point => "." ) >>.
Each key will be overridden individually.

    1234->commify;                      # 1,234
    1234->commify({ separator => "." });  # 1.234


=head3 reverse

    my $reverse = $string->reverse;

Reverses a $string.

Unlike Perl's reverse(), this always reverses the string regardless of context.


=head2 Array Autoboxing

The methods provided by L<autobox::Core/Array Methods> are available
from perl5i.

All the functions from L<List::Util> and select ones from
L<List::MoreUtils> are all available as methods on unblessed arrays
and array refs: first, max, maxstr, min, minstr, minmax, shuffle,
reduce, sum, any, all, none, true, false, uniq and mesh.

They have all been altered to return array refs where applicable in
order to allow chaining.

    @array->grep(sub{ $_->is_number })->sum->say;

=head3 foreach

    @array->foreach( func($item) { ... } );

Works like the built in C<foreach>, calls the code block for each
element of @array passing it into the block.

    @array->foreach( func($item) { say $item } );  # print each item

It will pass in as many elements as the code block accepts.  This
allows you to iterate through an array 2 at a time, or 3 or 4 or
whatever.

    my @names = ("Joe", "Smith", "Jim", "Dandy", "Jane", "Lane");
    @names->foreach( func($fname, $lname) {
        say "Person: $fname $lname";
    });

A normal subroutine with no signature will get one at a time.

If @array is not a multiple of the iteration (for example, @array has
5 elements and you ask 2 at a time) the behavior is currently undefined.

=head3 as_hash

    my %hash = @array->as_hash;

This method returns a %hash where each element of @array is a key.
The values are all true.  Its functionality is similar to:

    my %hash = map { $_ => 1 } @array;

Example usage:

    my @array = ("a", "b", "c");
    my %hash = @array->as_hash;
    say q[@array contains 'a'] if $hash{"a"};

=head3 pick

    my @rand = @array->pick($number);

The pick() method returns a list of $number elements in @array.
If $number is larger than the size of the list, it returns the entire list shuffled.

Example usage:

    my @array = (1, 2, 3, 4);
    my @rand = @array->pick(2);

=head3 pick_one

    my $rand = @array->pick_one;

The pick_one() method returns a random element in @array.  
It is similar to @array->pick(1), except that it does not return a list.

Example usage:

    my @array = (1,2,3,4);
    my $rand = @array->pick_one;

=head3 diff

Calculate the difference between two (or more) arrays:

    my @a = ( 1, 2, 3 );
    my @b = ( 3, 4, 5 );

    my @diff_a = @a->diff(\@b) # [ 1, 2 ]
    my @diff_b = @b->diff(\@a) # [ 4, 5 ]

Diff returns all elements in array C<@a> that are not present in array
C<@b>. Item order is not considered: two identical elements in both
arrays will be recognized as such disregarding their index.

    [ qw( foo bar ) ]->diff( [ qw( bar foo ) ] ) # empty, they are equal

For comparing more than two arrays:

    @a->diff(\@b, \@c, ... )

All comparisons are against the base array (C<@a> in this example). The
result will be composed of all those elements that were present in C<@a>
and in none other.

It also works with nested data structures; it will traverse them
depth-first to assess whether they are identical or not. For instance:

    [ [ 'foo ' ], { bar => 1 } ]->diff([ 'foo' ]) # [ { bar => 1 } ]

In the case of overloaded objects (i.e., L<DateTime>, L<URI>,
L<Path::Class>, etc.), it tries its best to treat them as strings or numbers.

    my $uri  = URI->new("http://www.perl.com");
    my $uri2 = URI->new("http://www.perl.com");

    [ $uri ]->diff( [ "http://www.perl.com" ] ); # empty, they are equal
    [ $uri ]->diff( [ $uri2 ] );                 # empty, they are equal


=head3 popn

    my @newarray = @array->popn($n);

L<Pops|perlfunc/pop> C<$n> values from the C<@array>.

If C<$n> is greater than the length of C<@array>, it will return the
whole C<@array>.  If C<$n> is 0, it will return an empty array.

A negative C<$n> or non-integer is an error.

    my @array = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
    my @newarray = @array->popn(3); # (3, 4, 5)


=head3 shiftn

       my @newarray = @array->shiftn($n);

Works like L<popn>, but it L<shifts|perlfunc/shift> off the front of
the array instead of popping off the end.

    my @array = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
    my @newarray = @array->shiftn(3); # (1, 2, 3)


=head3 intersect

    my @a = (1 .. 10);
    my @b = (5 .. 15);

    my @intersection = @a->intersect(\@b) # [ 5 .. 10 ];

Performs intersection between arrays, returning those elements that are
present in all of the argument arrays simultaneously.

As with C<diff()>, it works with any number of arrays, nested data
structures of arbitrary depth, and handles overloaded objects
graciously.

=head3 ltrim

=head3 rtrim

=head3 trim

    my @trimmed = @list->trim;
    my @trimmed = @list->trim($character_set);

Trim whitespace from each element of an array.  Each works just like
their scalar counterpart.

    my @trimmed = [ '   foo', 'bar   ' ]->ltrim;  # [ 'foo', 'bar   ' ]
    my @trimmed = [ '   foo', 'bar   ' ]->rtrim;  # [ '   foo', 'bar' ]
    my @trimmed = [ '   foo', 'bar   ' ]->trim;   # [ 'foo', 'bar'    ]

As with the scalar trim() methods, they all take an optional $character_set
which will determine what characters should be trimmed.

    my @trimmed = ['-> foo <-', '-> bar <-']->trim('-><'); # [' foo ', ' bar ']


=head2 Hash Autoboxing

All of the methods provided by L<autobox::Core/Hash Methods> are
available from perl5i.

In addition...

=head3 each

Iterate through each key/value pair in a hash using a callback.

    my %things = ( foo => 23, bar => 42 );
    %things->each( func($k, $v) {
        say "Key: $k, Value: $v"
    });

Unlike the C<each> function, individual calls to each are guaranteed
to iterate through the entirety of the hash.

=head3 flip

Exchanges values for keys in a hash.

    my %things = ( foo => 1, bar => 2, baz => 5 );
    my %flipped = %things->flip; # { 1 => foo, 2 => bar, 5 => baz }

If there is more than one occurence of a certain value, any one of the
keys may end up as the value.  This is because of the random ordering
of hash keys.

    # Could be { 1 => foo }, { 1 => bar }, or { 1 => baz }
    { foo => 1, bar => 1, baz => 1 }->flip;

Because hash references cannot usefully be keys, it will not work on
nested hashes.

    { foo => [ 'bar', 'baz' ] }->flip; # dies


=head3 merge

Recursively merge two or more hashes together using L<Hash::Merge::Simple>.

    my $a = { a => 1 };
    my $b = { b => 2, c => 3 };

    $a->merge($b); # { a => 1, b => 2, c => 3 }

For conflicting keys, rightmost precedence is used:

    my $a = { a => 1 };
    my $b = { a => 100, b => 2};

    $a->merge($b); # { a => 100, b => 2 }
    $b->merge($a); # { a => 1,   b => 2 }

It also works with nested hashes, although it won't attempt to merge
array references or objects. For more information, look at the
L<Hash::Merge::Simple> docs.

=head3 diff

    my %staff    = ( bob => 42, martha => 35, timmy => 23 );
    my %promoted = ( timmy => 23 );

    %staff->diff(\%promoted); # { bob => 42, martha => 35 }

Returns the key/value pairs present in the first hash that are not
present in the subsequent hash arguments.  Otherwise works as
C<< @array->diff >>.

=head3 intersect

    %staff->intersect(\%promoted); # { timmy => 23 }

Returns the key/value pairs that are present simultaneously in all the
hash arguments.  Otherwise works as C<< @array->intersect >>.


=head2 Code autoboxing

=head3 signature

    my $sig = $code->signature;

You can query the signature of any code reference defined with C<func>
or C<method>.  See L<Signature Introspection> for details.

If C<$code> has a signature, returns an object representing C<$code>'s
signature.  See L<perl5i::Signature> for details.  Otherwise it
returns nothing.


=head3 caller

L<Perl6::Caller> causes C<caller> to return an object in scalar
context.

=head3 die

C<die> now always returns an exit code of 255 instead of trying to use
C<$!> or C<$?> which makes the exit code unpredictable.  If you want
to exit with a message and a special exit code, use C<warn> then
C<exit>.

=head3 list

C<list> will force list context similar to how
L<scalar|perlfunc/scalar> will force scalar context.


=head2 utf8::all

perl5i turns on L<utf8::all> which turns on all the Unicode features
of Perl it can.

Here is the current list, more may be turned on later.

Bare strings in your source code are now UTF8.  This means UTF8
variable and method names, strings and regexes.

    my $message = "انا لا اتكلم العربيه";
    my $τάδε    = "It's all Greek to me!";
    sub fünkßhüñ { ... }

Strings will be treated as a set of characters rather than a set of
bytes.  For example, C<length> will return the number of characters,
not the number of bytes.

    length("perl5i is MËTÁŁ");  # 15, not 18

C<@ARGV> will be read as UTF8.

STDOUT, STDIN, STDERR and all newly opened filehandles will have UTF8
encoding turned on.  Consequently, if you want to output raw bytes to
a file, such as outputting an image, you must set C<< binmode $fh >>.

=head3 capture

    my($stdout, $stderr) = capture { ... } %options;
    my $stdout = capture { ... } %options;

C<capture()> lets you capture all output to C<STDOUT> and C<STDERR> in
any block of code.

    # $out = "Hello"
    # $err = "Bye"
    my($out, $err) = capture {
        print "Hello";
        print STDERR "Bye";
    };

If called in scalar context, it will only return C<STDOUT> and silence C<STDERR>.

    # $out = "Hello"
    my $out = capture {
        print "Hello";
        warn "oh god";
    };

C<capture> takes some options.

=over 4

=item B<tee>

tee will cause output to be captured yet still printed.

    my $out = capture { print "Hi" } tee => 1;

=item B<merge>

merge will merge C<STDOUT> and C<STDERR> into one variable.

    # $out = "HiBye"
    my $out = capture {
        print "Hi";
        print STDERR "Bye";
    } merge => 1;

=back

=head2 Carp

C<croak> and C<carp> from L<Carp> are always available.

The Carp message will always format consistently, smoothing over the
backwards incompatible change in Carp 1.25.

=head2 Child

L<Child> provides the C<child> function which is a better way to do forking.

C<child> creates and starts a child process, and returns an
L<Child::Link::Proc> object which is a better interface for managing the child
process. The only required argument is a codeblock, which is called in the new
process. exit() is automatically called for you after the codeblock returns.

    my $proc = child {
        my $parent = shift;
        ...
    };

You can also request a pipe for IPC:

    my $proc = child {
        my $parent = shift;

        $parent->say("Message");
        my $reply = $parent->read();

        ...
    } pipe => 1;

    my $message = $proc->read();
    $proc->say("reply");

See L<Child> for more information.


=head2 English

L<English> gives English names to the punctuation variables; for
instance, C<<$@>> is also C<<$EVAL_ERROR>>.  See L<perlvar> for
details.

It does B<not> load the regex variables which affect performance.
C<$PREMATCH>, C<$MATCH>, and C<$POSTMATCH> will not exist.  See
the C<p> modifier in L<perlre> for a better alternative.

=head2 Modern::Perl

L<Modern::Perl> turns on strict and warnings, enables all the 5.10
features like C<given/when>, C<say> and C<state>, and enables C3
method resolution order.

=head2 CLASS

Provides C<CLASS> and C<$CLASS> alternatives to C<__PACKAGE__>.

=head2 File::chdir

L<File::chdir> gives you C<$CWD> representing the current working
directory and it's assignable to C<chdir>.  You can also localize it
to safely chdir inside a scope.

=head2 File::stat

L<File::stat> causes C<stat> to return an object in scalar context.

=head2 DateTime

C<time>, C<localtime>, and C<gmtime> are replaced with DateTime
objects.  They will all act like the core functions.

    # Sat Jan 10 13:37:04 2004
    say scalar gmtime(2**30);

    # 2004
    say gmtime(2**30)->year;

    # 2009 (when this was written)
    say time->year;


=head2 Time::y2038

C<gmtime()> and C<localtime()> will now safely work with dates beyond
the year 2038 and before 1901.  The exact range is not defined, but we
guarantee at least up to 2**47 and back to year 1.


=head2 IO::Handle

Turns filehandles into objects so you can call methods on them.  The
biggest one is C<autoflush> rather than mucking around with C<$|> and
C<select>.

    $fh->autoflush(1);


=head2 autodie

L<autodie> causes system and file calls which can fail
(C<open>, C<system>, and C<chdir>, for example) to die when they fail.
This means you don't have to put C<or die> at the end of every system
call, but you do have to wrap it in an C<eval> block if you want to
trap the failure.

autodie's default error messages are pretty smart.

All of autodie will be turned on.


=head2 autovivification

L<autovivification> fixes the bug/feature where this:

    $hash = {};
    $hash->{key1}{key2};

Results in C<< $hash->{key1} >> coming into existence.  That will no longer
happen.

=head2 No indirect object syntax

perl5i turns indirect object syntax, ie. C<new $obj>, into a compile
time error.  Indirect object syntax is largely unnecessary and
removing it avoids a number of ambiguous cases where Perl will
mistakenly try to turn a function call into an indirect method call.

See L<indirect> for details.

=head3 want

C<want()> generalizes the mechanism of the wantarray function, allowing a
function to determine the context it's being called in.  Want distinguishes
not just scalar v. array context, but void, lvalue, rvalue, boolean, reference
context, and more.  See perldoc L<Want> for full details.

=head2 Try::Tiny

L<Try::Tiny> gives support for try/catch blocks as an alternative to
C<eval BLOCK>. This allows correct error handling with proper localization
of $@ and a nice syntax layer:

        # handle errors with a catch handler
        try {
                die "foo";
        } catch {
                warn "caught error: $_";
        };

        # just silence errors
        try {
                die "foo";
        };

See perldoc L<Try::Tiny> for details.


=head2 true

You no longer have to put a true value at the end of a module which uses perl5i.


=head2 Better load errors

Most of us have learned the meaning of the dreaded "Can't locate Foo.pm in
@INC". Admittedly though, it's not the most helpful of the error messages. In
perl5i we provide a much friendlier error message.

Example:

    Can't locate My/Module.pm in your Perl library.  You may need to install it
    from CPAN or another repository.  Your library paths are:
        Indented list of paths, 1 per line...

=head1 Command line program

There is a perl5i command line program installed with perl5i (Windows
users get perl5i.bat).  This is handy for writing one liners.

    perl5i -e 'gmtime->year->say'

And you can use it on the C<#!> line.

    #!/usr/bin/perl5i

    gmtime->year->say;

If you write a one-liner without using this program, saying C<-Mperl5i> means
C<-Mperl5i::latest>. Please see L</"Using perl5i"> and L</VERSIONING> for
details.


=head1 BUGS

Some parts are not lexical.  Some parts are package scoped.

If you're going to use two versions of perl5i together, we do not
currently recommend having them in the same package.

See L<http://github.com/schwern/perl5i/issues/labels/bug> for a complete list.

Please report bugs at L<http://github.com/schwern/perl5i/issues/>.


=head1 VERSIONING

perl5i follows the Semantic Versioning policy, L<http://semver.org>.
In short...

Versions will be of the form X.Y.Z.

0.Y.Z may change anything at any time.

Incrementing X (ie. 1.2.3 -> 2.0.0) indicates a backwards incompatible change.

Incrementing Y (ie. 1.2.3 -> 1.3.0) indicates a new feature.

Incrementing Z (ie. 1.2.3 -> 1.2.4) indicates a bug fix or other internal change.


=head1 NOTES

Inspired by chromatic's L<Modern::Perl> and in particular
F<http://www.modernperlbooks.com/mt/2009/04/ugly-perl-a-lesson-in-the-importance-of-language-design.html>.

I totally didn't come up with the "Perl 5 + i" joke.  I think it was
Damian Conway.


=head1 THANKS

Thanks to our contributors: Chas Owens, Darian Patrick, rjbs,
chromatic, Ben Hengst, Bruno Vecchi and anyone else I've forgotten.

Thanks to Flavian and Matt Trout for their signature and
L<Devel::Declare> work.

Thanks to all the CPAN authors upon whom this builds.

=head1 LICENSE

Copyright 2009-2010, Michael G Schwern <schwern@pobox.com>

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.

See L<http://dev.perl.org/licenses/artistic.html>


=head1 SEE ALSO

Repository:   L<http://github.com/schwern/perl5i/tree/master>
Issues/Bugs:  L<http://github.com/schwern/perl5i/issues>
Wiki:         L<http://github.com/schwern/perl5i/wiki>
Twitter:      L<http://twitter.com/perl5i>

Frequently Asked Questions about perl5i: L<perl5ifaq>

Some modules with similar purposes include:
L<Modern::Perl>, L<Common::Sense>

For a complete object declaration system, see L<Moose> and
L<MooseX::Declare>.