[expo] Add support for pnpm isolated modules

[byCedric]

Why

This PR makes the expo autolinking scripts compatible with isolated modules (e.g. from pnpm). It's part of other PRs that make our packages compatible and more resilient in monorepo projects.

• [autolinking] Add support for pnpm isolated modules #23867
• [autolinking] Resolve cli for isolated modules before running node scripts #23926

How

• iOS: resolve expo-modules-autolinking from the __dir__
  (current directory of the file expo/scripts/autolinking.rb)
• Android: resolve expo-modules-autolinking from expo location
  (there is no dir alternative, so we need to resolve the expo > expo-modules-autolinking chain from project root)

Test Plan

• $ pnpm create expo ./test-isolated-modules -t tabs
• $ cd ./test-isolated-modules
• Patch expo with the changes from this PR
• Both Android and iOS run commands should work:
  • $ pnpm expo run:ios
  • $ pnpm expo run:android

Or see this repo: https://github.com/byCedric/expo-pnpm-tests/blob/main/patches/expo%4049.0.6.patch

Checklist

• Documentation is up to date to reflect these changes (eg: https://docs.expo.dev and README.md).
• Conforms with the Documentation Writing Style Guide
• This diff will work correctly for npx expo prebuild & EAS Build (eg: updated a module plugin).

[byCedric]

As a side note, we could clean up some scattered node resolution scripts in our packages by adding a helper function in expo.

The main issue is that we mostly resolve things from the projectRoot, which can't resolve nested dependencies that aren't listed as direct project dependencies. But, since expo is a direct project dependency, we could add something like a expo/resolve or expo/find helper command.

With that, we can clean up the resolutions a bit. E.g.:

// Example API
const path = require('path');

function resolve(dependencyChain: string[], dependencyFile?: string) {
  const packageFilePath = dependencyChain.reduce((currentDir, dependency) => (
    !currentDir
      ? require.resolve(path.join(dependency, 'package.json'))
      : require.resolve(path.join(dependency, 'package.json'), { paths: [currentDir] })
  ));

  if (dependencyFile) {
    return path.join(path.dirname(packageFilePath), dependencyFile);
  }
  
  return path.dirname(packageFilePath);
}

// Example - root path of dependency
require('expo/resolve')(['expo', '@expo/cli']);

// Example - native script file within dependency
require('expo/resolve')(['expo', 'expo-modules-autolinking'], 'scripts/android/autolinking_implementation.gradle')

The above code should work fine, as it will execute something similar to this:

[byCedric]

Chatted with @tsapeta, will do another pass / PR with the helper function (described above) once all major issues are resolved.