Upgrade to cmdstan 2.31.0 and build in temporary directory for Windows

[WardBrian]

This is a potential solution to #2402, at least on Windows. I believe the failures there are due to source installations ending up in places with very long path names, and that causing internal failures in g++.

[WardBrian]

@tcuongd at this point the only errors appear to also be errors on the main branch. I will try to test this on Windows locally to make sure it works even if the path to the source is very long.

[WardBrian]

Tested this on a local windows machine and confirmed installation succeeds even when in a very long/deeply nested path

[tcuongd]

Thanks so much for digging into this!! The additional copy-paste logic is a little annoying but not sure if I have a cleaner solution right now, so happy to merge as is.

Separate to the windows issue, upgrading to 2.31.0 should also help resolve the issues people are having on M1s (tested the install and import + fit on my M1 machine and it worked fine):

• Can't install Fbprophet with Conda (or pip) in an Apple M1 #2002 (comment)
• [Python] Error when running fit(): Library not loaded: '@rpath/libtbb.dylib' #2250 (comment)

So overall this will be a huge win!