The forcing terms ℱ on the rhs of the equations are provided by ‘physics packages’ and forcing packages. These are described later on.
Many forms of momentum dissipation are available in the model. Laplacian and biharmonic frictions are commonly used:
where Ah and Av are (constant) horizontal and vertical viscosity coefficients and A4 is the horizontal coefficient for biharmonic friction. These coefficients are the same for all velocity components.
The mixing terms for the temperature and salinity equations have a similar form to that of momentum except that the diffusion tensor can be non-diagonal and have varying coefficients.
where
where Kh and Kv are the horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients. These coefficients are the same for all tracers (temperature, salinity ... ).