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simple_branching.html
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.jAfsTr{width:100%;background:#f5f5f5;} .jAfsTr .book-wrapper{width:100%;max-width:1000px;padding:40px 16px 60px;margin:0 auto;background:#fff;} .jAfsTr blockquote{background-color:#fcf8e3;border-color:#faebcc;color:#8a6d3b;padding:15px 30px;margin:0;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,0);border-radius:4px;} .jAfsTr blockquote h4{text-align:center;margin:0;} .jAfsTr .contents-wrapper{background:#f5f5f5;padding:30px 0;} .jAfsTr .chapter-contents{width:100%;max-width:800px;margin:0 auto;font-family:'ProximaNova','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:300;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.3px;-moz-letter-spacing:0.3px;-ms-letter-spacing:0.3px;letter-spacing:0.3px;line-height:36px;font-size:16px;} .jAfsTr .chapter-contents h1{font-family:'Crete Round',Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;font-size:24px;color:#e5533c;margin-top:0;text-align:center;} .jAfsTr .chapter-contents h2{font-family:'Crete Round',Georgia,Times New Roman,serif;font-size:18px;color:#14877e;} .jAfsTr .chapter-contents a{color:#14877e;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted #1bbfb1;} .jAfsTr .book-wrapper img{display:block;max-width:700px;margin:20px auto;width:100%;} .jAfsTr .book-wrapper img[alt='certificates']{display:block;width:291px;} .jAfsTr:not(pre) > code[class*='language-'],.jAfsTr pre{background:#f5f5f5;} .jAfsTr pre{padding:1em;margin:0.5em 0;overflow:auto;} .jAfsTr code[class*='language-'],.jAfsTr pre{color:#000;text-shadow:0 1px #fff;font-size:14px;direction:ltr;text-align:left;white-space:pre;word-spacing:normal;word-break:normal;line-height:26px;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;-webkit-hyphens:none;-moz-hyphens:none;-ms-hyphens:none;-webkit-hyphens:none;-moz-hyphens:none;-ms-hyphens:none;hyphens:none;} .jAfsTr .chapter-contents pre{color:#767676;border:1px solid #dcdcdc;-webkit-border-radius:5px;-moz-border-radius:5px;border-radius:5px;white-space:pre-wrap;white-space:-moz-pre-wrap;white-space:-pre-wrap;white-space:-o-pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word;} .jAfsTr .chapter-contents p > code,.jAfsTr .chapter-contents ul > code,.jAfsTr .chapter-contents ol > code,.jAfsTr .chapter-contents li > code{padding-right:4px;padding-left:4px;padding-top:2px;padding-bottom:2px;background-color:#f5f5f5;color:#14877e;border-radius:4px;font-size:15px;}</style><title data-react-helmet="true">简单分支操作</title><link as="script" rel="preload" href="/webpack-runtime-6d5d43391d798a08cb1d.js"/><link as="script" rel="preload" href="/framework-d585a04b7d285a7760d6.js"/><link as="script" rel="preload" href="/app-53297de6fe45b94e19e4.js"/><link as="script" rel="preload" href="/styles-e9d24b1846c7d6eb9685.js"/><link as="script" rel="preload" href="/commons-3feee98700f3ba0cdb22.js"/><link as="script" rel="preload" href="/component---src-templates-blog-post-js-795d606d338983cb4fc4.js"/><link as="fetch" rel="preload" href="/page-data/simple_branching.html/page-data.json" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link as="fetch" rel="preload" href="/page-data/app-data.json" crossorigin="anonymous"/></head><body><noscript id="gatsby-noscript">This app works best with JavaScript enabled.</noscript><div id="___gatsby"><div style="outline:none" tabindex="-1" id="gatsby-focus-wrapper"><div class="Layout__Wrap-sc-74hz2d-0 gyphcv"><div class="Header__Wrap-sc-75xirx-0 gNLVAN"><h2 class="Header-sc-75xirx-1 gOrJcT"><a href="/">Git 北京</a></h2><form class="DocSearch__Form-sc-qvs5fz-0 jVGkyu"><input type="search" id="algolia-doc-search" placeholder="Search docs" class="DocSearch__Input-sc-qvs5fz-1 hawBpy"/></form></div><div class="blog-post__Wrap-sc-1e41lke-1 jAfsTr"><div class="book-wrapper"><div class="blog-post__Title-sc-1e41lke-0 kTQsnG">简单分支操作</div><div class="chapter-contents"><br/><div><p>今天的主角是分支，因为不介绍分支（ branch ）的概念，下面的操作是没办法介绍了。可以这样说，Git 最核心的操作对象是版本（ commit ），最核心的操作技巧就是分支。</p>
<h2 id="什么是分支" style="position:relative;"><a href="#%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" aria-label="什么是分支 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>什么是分支？</h2>
<p>仓库创建后，一旦有了新 commit，默认就会放到一个分支上，名字叫 master。前面咱们一直看到的多个版本组成的一条历史线，就是 master 分支。但是一个仓库内，用户可以自己创建其他的分支，可以有多条历史线。</p>
<p>说说 master 这个名字，一般中文叫“主分支”，其实从技术底层来讲它跟其他我们自己要创建的分支没有区别，只不过它是天生的默认分支。实际工程项目中会人为的给它一个重要的使命，存放稳定代码。就像 github 公司<a href="http://scottchacon.com/2011/08/31/github-flow.html">倡导</a>的。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>master 分支上的所有代码都应该是可以部署的</p>
</blockquote>
<p>意思就是 master 分支上的代码是通过了测试的，可以随时放心的放到产品服务器上跑的代码。这样，如果想开发一个新功能，可以新开分支。想象一下历史线上有很多节，每个版本就是一节。一个分支相当于一跟竹子，一节节的往上长。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031501.jpg"></p>
<p>但是实际上在底层并不是每个分支都拷贝出自己独立的一条历史线。其实 master 本身只是一个指针，指向 master 分支上最新的一个版本。这样由于每个 commit 都可以找到自己的前一个 commit，那么这条历史线就可以确定了。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031502.jpg"></p>
<h2 id="创建新分支" style="position:relative;"><a href="#%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E6%96%B0%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" aria-label="创建新分支 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>创建新分支</h2>
<p>什么时候需要开一个新分支，这个后面讲各种工作流程的时候会介绍，今天先把基本操作学会。单击界面顶部的分支名，就可以显示所有分支。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031503.jpg"></p>
<p>如果想创建一个新分支，只需要点 <code>new branch</code> 按钮。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031902.jpg"></p>
<p>弹出的界面中可以看到</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Your new branch will be based on your currently checked out branch(master)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>意思是</p>
<blockquote>
<p>你的新分支会基于你的当前分支（ master ）.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>或者说白了就是，新分支 idea 会跟 master 有完全一样的历史。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031505.jpg"></p>
<p>可以看到新的 idea 分支下，项目历史线果然跟 master 分支一模一样。但是，在底层这个的实现是非常巧妙的，就是又创建一个新的 idea 指针，跟 master 指针指向同一个版本，根本没有拷贝历史线。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031506.jpg"></p>
<p>如果现在我对项目做一下修改，然后 commit 了。那么移动的只是 idea 指针，master 不变。就成了这样：</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031507.jpg"></p>
<p>现在 master 分支包含两个版本 C1 和 C2，idea 分支包含三个版本 C1，C2，C3 。</p>
<p>默认情况下这个 idea 分支只是存在于本地，如果想在远端仓库上发布这个分支，就点一下 idea 分支右侧的 <code>Publish Branch</code> 按钮。</p>
<p>这样，到远端仓库看一下，发现果然多了一个 idea 分支，搜索框中，不但能搜索已有分支，还能创建新分支，看到了吧，很多操作在本地客户端和 github.com 上都能进行。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031508.jpg"></p>
<p>这就是创建新分支的原理和具体操作方式了。</p>
<h2 id="切换分支" style="position:relative;"><a href="#%E5%88%87%E6%8D%A2%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" aria-label="切换分支 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>切换分支</h2>
<p>下面来看如何在各个分支之间做切换。</p>
<p>点 current branches 标签，就可以显示所有分支，想要切换到哪个分支，点一下就切换过去了。时间长了你会觉得这个也不够快，还是纯键盘操作快。敲 Cmd-B 可以打开分支切换框，输入名字回车，就切换成功了。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031509.jpg"></p>
<p>每次切换分支的时候，其实也是底层有一个名为 HEAD 的指针在不断发生变化，比如当然 HEAD 指向 master ，那么 master 就是当前分支。</p>
<p><img src="https://happypeter.github.io/images/2019031510.jpg"></p>
<p>注意，每次切换分支，项目代码，术语叫工作树（ Working Tree ）是会随着变化的，在编辑器中看看就知道了。</p>
<p>这样，我们就学会了如何去切换分支。至于如何去删除一个分支，当前版本的客户端中没有这个功能，需要用命令行去操作，这里我们暂时不去介绍。</p>
<h2 id="总结" style="position:relative;"><a href="#%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%93" aria-label="总结 permalink" class="anchor before"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>总结</h2>
<p>只开测试分支，调好代码 commit 了之后，如果不把代码融合到 master 分支上是没有太大意义的，这就涉及到分支合并的问题了，这个是 git 最大最强的一块功能，后面介绍。</p></div></div></div></div><footer class="Footer-sc-4dc8xa-0 etjCag"><nav><p>有任何问题请联系<a href="https://github.com/happypeter"> happypeter</a> ： happypeter1983@gmail.com <br/> 所有内容基于<!-- --> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">允许商用保留署名的 CC 协议</a> <!-- -->发布</p></nav></footer></div></div><div id="gatsby-announcer" style="position:absolute;top:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;border:0" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div></div><script id="gatsby-script-loader">/*<![CDATA[*/window.pagePath="/simple_branching.html";/*]]>*/</script><script id="gatsby-chunk-mapping">/*<![CDATA[*/window.___chunkMapping={"polyfill":["/polyfill-79abd7c50267fa169289.js"],"app":["/app-53297de6fe45b94e19e4.js"],"component---src-pages-index-js":["/component---src-pages-index-js-99193552b849bd929f2a.js"],"component---src-templates-blog-post-js":["/component---src-templates-blog-post-js-795d606d338983cb4fc4.js"]};/*]]>*/</script><script src="/polyfill-79abd7c50267fa169289.js" nomodule=""></script><script src="/component---src-templates-blog-post-js-795d606d338983cb4fc4.js" async=""></script><script src="/commons-3feee98700f3ba0cdb22.js" async=""></script><script src="/styles-e9d24b1846c7d6eb9685.js" async=""></script><script src="/app-53297de6fe45b94e19e4.js" async=""></script><script src="/framework-d585a04b7d285a7760d6.js" async=""></script><script src="/webpack-runtime-6d5d43391d798a08cb1d.js" async=""></script><script src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsearch.js@2/dist/cdn/docsearch.min.js"></script></body></html>