[release-2.9.x] Pin chunk and index format to schema version.

[grafanabot]

Backport bbfb13c from #10213

---

We pin all three Chunk, HeadBlock and TSDB Version to schema version in period config.

This is the following mapping (after being discussed with @owen-d and @sandeepsukhani )

v12 (current existing schema) - ChunkFormatV3 (UnorderedHeadBlock) + TSDBv2
v13 (introducing new schema) - ChunkFormatV4 (UnorderedWithNonIndexedLabelsHeadBlockFmt) + TSDBv3

Note the new schema v13 supports the latest chunk and index format.

NOTES for Reviewer

1. General approach is we removed the idea of index.LiveFormat, chunkenc.DefaultChunkFormat and chunkenc.DefaultHeadBlockFmt and made following two changes. These variables were used before to tie chunk and tsdb formats specific to Loki versions. This PR remove that coupling and pin these formats to schema version instead.

   1. These variables were replaced with explicit chunk and index formats within those packages (and it's tests)
   2. If these variables were used outside it's own packages say by ingester, compactor, etc. Then we extract correct chunk and index versions from the schema config.

2. Add two methods to periodConfig. (1) ChunkFormat() returning chunk and head format tied to schema (2) TSDBFormat() returning tsdb format tied to schema.

3. Other ideas I thought of doing but didn't end up doing is make ChunkFormat and IndexFormat as separate type (rather than byte and int currently. Similar to HeadBlockFmt type). But didnt' do it eventually to keep the PR small and don't want to complicate with lots of changes.

4. Moved couple of test cases from chunkenc to config package, because the test case was actually testing methods on schemaconfig and it was creating cycling dependencies.