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A Swift library of data structures and algorithms found and used in compilers

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CompilerKit

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The goal of this project is to create a library of data structures and algorithms that can be used to build a compiler in Swift.

Features

Since this project is under active development, it's very likely that the following lists are incomplete.

Data Structures

  • Classes of unicode scalars (ScalarClass).
  • Regular expression (RegularExpression).
  • Nondeterministic finite automata (NFA).
  • Deterministic finite automata (DFA).
  • Tokenizer (Tokenizer).
  • Grammar (Grammar).
  • LL parser (LLParser).
  • SLR parser (LRParser).
  • LALR parser (LALRParser).

Functions/Algorithms

  • Matching a unicode scalar against a ScalarClass.
  • Derive an NFA from a RegularExpression.
  • Derive a DFA from an NFA.
  • Minimize a DFA.
  • Match a string against an NFA or DFA (i.e., execute finite state machine).
  • Create a matcher that takes pairs of RegularExpressions and tokens and returns the correct token for a string based on match.
  • Create a tokenizer from pairs of RegularExpressions and tokens as well as a RegularExpression representing trivia between tokens that then takes a string and breaks it into individual tokens, skipping the trivia in between them.
  • Eliminate left recursion from a grammar.
  • Perform left refactoring to eliminate backtracking.
  • Check if a grammar is backtracking-free.
  • Generate a table-driven LL(1) parser from a backtracking-free grammar, which reports whether an input was accepted or rejected.
  • Generate an DFA-backed SLR parser from a grammar, which reports whether an input was accepted or rejected.
  • Construct a DFA-backed LALR parser from a grammar using the DeRemer and Pennello algorithm, which reports whether an input was accepted or rejected.

Example

    enum Token {
        case integer
        case decimal
        case identifier
        case unknown
    }
    
    let scanner: [(RegularExpression, Token)] = [
        (.digit + .digit*, .integer),
        (.digit + .digit* + "." + .digit + .digit*, .decimal),
        (.alpha + .alphanum*, .identifier),
    ]

    let nfa = NFA(scanner: scanner, nonAcceptingValue: .unknown)
    let dfa = nfa.dfa
    let minimizedDfa = dfa.minimized
                

    minimizedDfa.match("134")      // .integer
    minimizedDfa.match("61.613")   // .decimal
    minimizedDfa.match("x1")       // .identifier
    minimizedDfa.match("1xy")      // .unknown

See the test suite for more usage examples.

See Also

Resources Used

  1. Engineering a Compiler 2nd ed by Keith Cooper and Linda Torczon.

  2. Algorithms 4th ed by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.

  3. Stanford's Compilers Course by Alex Aiken.

  4. Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools by Alfred V. Aho, Monica S. Lam, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman.

  5. Efficient Computation of LALR(1) Look-Ahead Sets by Frank DeRemer and Thomas Pennello.

  6. Modern Compiler Implementation in C by Maia Ginsburg and Andrew W. Appel.

My other projects, leading up to this

  1. slox - Hand written scanner, recursive descent parser, and a tree-walking interpreter in Swift. See for a demonstration of using Swift's algebraic data types (enums and structs) to represent and render code. Implements the lox programming language. Ported from Java.

  2. bslox - Very early work-in-progress of what will eventually be a bytecode compiler and virtual machine of lox. Will be porting this from C.

  3. FlyingMonkey - Hand written scanner and Pratt parser of the monkey programming language. Ported from Go.

  4. Sift - Hand written scanner and parser of subset of Scheme. Ported from Haskell.

  5. sparrow - Hand written scanner of the Swift scanner from the official Swift compiler. Ported from the C++ to Swift. See for an example of a complex scanner/lexer with support for rewinding to arbitrary points in the input.

License

MIT

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A Swift library of data structures and algorithms found and used in compilers

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