Replication code and data for "The Gift of a Lifetime: The Hospital, Modern Medicine, and Mortality"

contributors:

Alex Hollingsworth
Chris Karbownik
Melissa A. Thomasson
Anthony Wray

README

Overview

The code in this replication package constructs the analysis datasets used to reproduce the figures and tables in the following article:

Hollingsworth, Alex, Krzysztof Karbownik, Melissa A. Thomasson, and Anthony Wray. "The Gift of a Lifetime: The Hospital, Modern Medicine, and Mortality." Forthcoming at the American Economic Review.

Some public-use datasets from IPUMS USA cannot be included in the repository. These must first be downloaded using the IPUMS data extraction system before running our code. Instructions for accessing data from IPUMS USA are provided below.

In addition the NUMIDENT data must be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.3886/E207202V1. Instructions for where to place the data are provided below.

The code is executed using Stata version 18 and R version 4.3.1. To recreate our paper, navigate to the home directory duke-replication and open the stata project duke-replication.stpr, then run the do file 0_run_all.do. This will run all of the code to create the figures and tables in the manuscript, including the online appendix. The replicator should expect the code to run for about 2 hours.

Data Availability and Provenance Statements

Statement about Rights

I certify that the author(s) of the manuscript have legitimate access to and permission to use the data used in this manuscript.
I certify that the author(s) of the manuscript have documented permission to redistribute/publish the data contained within this replication package. Appropriate permission are documented in the LICENSE.txt file.

License for Data

The data are licensed under a MIT License license. See LICENSE.txt for details.

Summary of Availability

All data are publicly available.

Details on each Data Source

The data used to support the findings of this study have been deposited in the replication package hosted at OpenICPSR (openicpsr-197844). Data hand-collected by the authors, and made available under a MIT license, include:

Capital expenditures and investment return data from The Duke Endowment.
Hospital data from the annual reports "Hospital Service in the United States" and the dates when hospitals were approved to offer internships, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).
Hospital, medical school, and physician data from the American Medical Directory (AMD).
Mortality and population data by race from the Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the North Carolina State Board of Health

Here we provide further details on the sources for all datasets used in the study:

Data on The Duke Endowment's capital expenditures were hand-entered from printed volumes of the Annual Report of the Hospital Section from 1925 to 1962 (The Duke Endowment, 1925a).

In most volumes, details on the Endowment's capital appropriations and payments appear in tables titled "Construction and Equipment Appropriations" (1928 to 1931) or "Construction, Equipment and Purchase Appropriations and Payments" (1939 to 1962). In other years, the relevant information is found in the text of the report.
Further information on the name and location of Duke funded hospitals was obtained from a table titled "Location, Auspices, Beds, and Days of Care" in the annual reports.
The print volumes of the Annual Report of the Hospital Section can be found in many library collections.
Capital expenditures are adjusted for inflation using the All Urban Consumers (Current Series) from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (Sahr 2018). Data on The Duke Endowment's statement of income, including the annual return of the Endowment were hand-entered from printed volumes of the Yearbook of The Duke Endowment (The Duke Endowment, 1925b).
The yearbooks and other archival records of The Duke Endowment are located in The Duke Endowment Archives and are accessible by visiting the Rubenstein Library at Duke University in Durham, NC.

Data from "Hospital Service in the United States" -- the annual presentation of hospital data by the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association -- were hand-entered from issues of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) which are available online. The paper uses issues from 1921, 1926, and 1928 to 1951, each of which contain statistics on the previous year.

The paper also uses datasets derived from the annual reports JAMA that were collected by one of the study's co-authors for another publication (Esteves et al. 2022).

The paper uses hand-collected data on hospitals, medical schools, and physicians in North Carolina from the American Medical Directory, published by the American Medical Association. Data were extracted from PDF scans, obtained from HathiTrust, for the folowing volumes: 1906, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1916, 1918, 1921, 1923, 1927, 1931, 1936, 1940, and 1942. Hard copies of the following volumes were consulted in various library: 1918, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1927, 1929, 1931, 1934, 1936, 1938, 1940, and 1942.

Annual data on the number of births by race, infant mortality, maternal mortality, and pneumonia mortality for the state of North Carolina were hand-entered from digital copies of the Annual Report of the Bureau of Vital Statistics of the North Carolina State Board of Health (NC-BVS, 1922). The reports are available online from North Carolina Digital Collections -- the digital collections of the State Archives of North Carolina and the State Library of North Carolina.

Data on county health departments were hand-collected from Ferrell and Mead (1933), available online from HathiTrust. For further information about county health departments, see Hoehn-Velasco (2018; 2021).

Data on the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) were downloaded from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS, 2019) on 1 March 2019. This data product was last updated on 25 August 2021 and is archived by the USGS here. The current version of GNIS data is available for download via the U.S. Board on Geographic Names website. A copy of the data file is provided as part of this archive. The data are in the public domain.

The paper uses the "U.S. County-Level Natality and Mortality Data, 1915-2007" (ICPSR 36603) distributed by the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (Bailey et al. 2018). Data is subject to a redistribution restriction, but can be freely downloaded from ICPSR. Users will first need to create an account by filling out a registration form and agree to the conditions of use. Save the data file 36603-0001-Data.dta to the raw/icpsr/ folder.

The paper uses IPUMS NHGIS data (Manson et al. 2019; 2022). IPUMS NHGIS does not allow for redistribution without permission, but their terms of use makes an exception for users to "publish a subset of the data to meet journal requirements for accessing data related to a particular publication." A copy of the data files are provided as part of this archive.

The paper uses IPUMS USA full count U.S. Census microdata. IPUMS USA does not allow users to redistribute IPUMS-USA Full-Count data, but these data can be freely downloaded from the IPUMS-USA extract system. Users must first fill out the registration form, including a brief description of the project, and agree to the conditions of use. In lieu of providing a copy of the data files as part of this archive, we include codebook files for each of the four full count extracts used, which provide information on the variables and observations to be selected. For convenience, below we provide extract-specific instructions for downloading the data and adding them to this archive:

A. 1910-1940 U.S. Census Full-Count data for North Carolina. The folder raw/ipums/ includes the codebook files in plain text (usa_00086.cbk), xml (usa_00086.xml) and PDF (usa_00086.pdf) formats.

Navigate to https://usa.ipums.org/usa-action/variables/group
Click on the blue box "SELECT SAMPLES" on the left-hand side
Deselect all datasets under the tab "USA SAMPLES"
Click on the tab "USA FULL COUNT"
Select the 1910, 1920, 1930, and 1940 100% options and click on "SUBMIT SAMPLE SELECTIONS"
Select the exact variables listed in usa_00086.cbk (some variables are preselected)
Click on "CREATE DATA EXTRACT"
Apply a sample restriction of only residents of North Carolina (STATEFIP code 37): Under "OPTIONS" click on "SELECT CASES," then on the next page select "STATEFIP" and click "SUBMIT," then on the next page select "37 NORTH CAROLINA" and click again on "SUBMIT"
On the "EXTRACT REQUEST" page, if "DATA FORMAT" has not defaulted to ".dta (Stata)" click on "Change" to the right of "DATA FORMAT"
On the "DATA FORMAT AND STRUCTURE" page, ensure that "Stata (.dta)" is selected under "Data Format" and "Rectangular - person (default)" is selected under "Data Structure"
Provide a brief description of the extract and click on "SUBMIT EXTRACT." Instructions for retrieving the data will be sent to the email address registered to the account.
Download the .dta file to the raw/ipums/ folder. If the user has not previously submitted an extract, the file will be called usa_00001.dta.
On line 17 of the program 4_1_compile_ipums_data.do change usa_00086 to the name of the file downloaded in step 12.

B. 1940 U.S. Census Full-Count data for North Carolina. The folder raw/ipums/ includes the codebook files in plain text (usa_00087.cbk), xml (usa_00087.xml) and PDF (usa_00087.pdf) formats.

Follow steps 1 to 4 under extract A
Select the 1940 100% option and click on "SUBMIT SAMPLE SELECTIONS"
Select the exact variables listed in usa_00087.cbk (some variables are preselected)
Follow steps 7 to 11 under extract A
On line 24 of the program 3_0_ipums_data_for_geocode_nc_deaths.do change usa_00087 to the name of the file downloaded in step 4.

C. 1920 and 1930 U.S. Census Full-Count data

Follow steps 1 to 4 under extract A
Select the 1920 and 1930 100% options and click on "SUBMIT SAMPLE SELECTIONS"
Select the exact variables listed in User Extract usa_00004.pdf (some variables are preselected)
Click on "CREATE DATA EXTRACT"
Follow steps 9 and 10 under extract A
Download the .dta file to the raw/ipums/us/ folder. If the user has not previously submitted an extract, the file will be called usa_00001.dta.
On line 18 of the program 1_1_process_ipums_data.do change usa_00004 to the name of the file downloaded in step 6.

D. 1920 and 1930 U.S. Census Full-Count data

Follow steps 1 to 4 under extract A
Select the 1920 and 1930 100% options and click on "SUBMIT SAMPLE SELECTIONS"
Select the exact variables listed in User Extract usa_00005.pdf (some variables are preselected)
Click on "CREATE DATA EXTRACT"
Follow steps 9 and 10 under extract A
Download the .dta file to the raw/ipums/us/ folder. If the user has not previously submitted an extract, the file will be called usa_00001.dta.
On line 48 of the program 1_1_process_ipums_data.do change usa_00005 to the name of the file downloaded in step 6.

The paper also uses other data from IPUMS USA. In such cases, IPUMS USA does not allow for redistribution without permission, but their terms of use makes an exception for users to "publish a subset of the data to meet journal requirements for accessing data related to a particular publication." A copy of the following IPUMS-USA data files are provided as part of this archive:

Data on ICPSR county codes were downloaded from IPUMS USA.
A code list for the IPUMS variable PLACENHG was downloaded from IPUMS USA.

The North Carolina death certificate data used in this paper were obtained from Cook et al. (2014; 2016) via a request to the authors. A copy of the data file is provided as part of this archive. Please contact John Parman for more information about the data in Cook et al. (2014; 2016).

The paper uses data from the public-use NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) and Death Files (Wray et al., 2007). The data were purchased from the Electronic Records Division of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Further information about the data files included in the Public-Use NUMIDENT can be found here or by contacting the Electronic Records Division at cer@nara.gov. There are no access or use restrictions on the Public Use NUMIDENT data files. As such, we have posted the data to a separate repository where interested users can access the data with no restrictions on redistribution beyond attribution to this paper. This repository can be found here: https://doi.org/10.3886/E207202V1. To place this data in the appropriate spot for the project follow these steps:

Navigate to https://doi.org/10.3886/E207202V1
Download the numident/death directory and all of its contents
Copy the contents of this directory (two files, NUMDEATH01-10_PU.zip and NUMDEATH11-20_PU.zip) into the analysis/raw/numident/death directory of this project
Download the numident/ss5 directory and all of its contents
Copy the contents of this directory (four files, NUMSS5_01-05_PU.zip, NUMSS5_06-10_PU.zip, NUMSS5_11-15_PU.zip, and NUMSS5_16-20_PU.zip) into the analysis/raw/numident/ss5 directory of this project

Single year of age population estimates by county were downloaded from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (SEER, 2022). Data can be downloaded from here, under "County-Level Population Files - Single-year Age Groups." A copy of the data files are provided as part of this archive. The data are in the public domain.

Supplementary analysis was performed using data from:

Fishback, Haines, and Kantor (2007) (city-level infant mortality data, 1921-1940)
Haines (2008), Arias (2010), and Arias et al. (2021) (life expectancy)
IPUMS USA (2015) (ICPSR county codes)
Pollitt (2017) (African American hospitals)

Many of the sources for these datasets are available online. This is the case for Haines (2008), Arias (2010), Arias et al. (2021), and IPUMS USA (2015). Please contact Price V. Fishback for access to the Fishback, Haines, and Kantor (2007) city-level infant mortality data. Pollitt (2017) is available for loan in many library collections.

Dataset list

The following table provides a list of all datasets included in this replication package (stored within the analysis/raw directory) and their provenance.

Data file and subdirectory	Source	Notes	Provided
`ama/aha_data_all_states.dta`	Esteves et al. (2022)	"Hospital Service in the US," 1920-1942	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1921.xlsx`	JAMA (1921)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1920	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1926.xlsx`	JAMA (1926)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1925	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1928.xlsx`	JAMA (1928)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1927	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1929.xlsx`	JAMA (1929)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1928	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1930.xlsx`	JAMA (1930)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1929	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1931.xlsx`	JAMA (1931)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1930	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1932.xlsx`	JAMA (1932)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1931	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1933.xlsx`	JAMA (1933)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1932	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1934.xlsx`	JAMA (1934)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1933	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1935.xlsx`	JAMA (1935)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1934	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1936.xlsx`	JAMA (1936)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1935	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1937.xlsx`	JAMA (1937)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1936	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1938.xlsx`	JAMA (1938)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1937	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1939.xlsx`	JAMA (1939)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1938	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1940.xlsx`	JAMA (1940)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1939	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1941.xlsx`	JAMA (1941)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1940	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1942.xlsx`	JAMA (1942)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1941	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1943.xlsx`	JAMA (1943)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1942	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1944.xlsx`	JAMA (1944)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1943	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1945.xlsx`	JAMA (1945)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1944	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1946.xlsx`	JAMA (1946)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1945	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1947.xlsx`	JAMA (1947)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1946	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1948.xlsx`	JAMA (1948)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1947	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1949.xlsx`	JAMA (1949)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1948	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1950.xlsx`	JAMA (1950)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1949	Yes
`ama/Final_AMA_Hospitals_1951.xlsx`	JAMA (1951)	"Hospital Service in the US," Data for 1950	Yes
`ama/Internships.xlsx`	JAMA, various years	Year of approval for hospitals to offer medical internships	Yes
`amd_hospitals/amd_state_and_federal_institutions.xlsx`	AMD, various years	State and federal institutions	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1925-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1925)	List of hospitals in NC in 1925	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1927-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1927)	List of hospitals in NC in 1927	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1929-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1929)	List of hospitals in NC in 1929	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1931-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1931)	List of hospitals in NC in 1931	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1934-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1934)	List of hospitals in NC in 1934	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1936-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1936)	List of hospitals in NC in 1936	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1938-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1938)	List of hospitals in NC in 1938	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1940-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1940)	List of hospitals in NC in 1940	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_1942-North Carolina.xlsx`	AMD (1942)	List of hospitals in NC in 1942	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_AMD_1906.xlsx`	AMD (1906)	List of hospitals in NC in 1906	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_AMD_1909.xlsx`	AMD (1909)	List of hospitals in NC in 1909	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_AMD_1912.xlsx`	AMD (1912)	List of hospitals in NC in 1912	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_AMD_1916.xlsx`	AMD (1916)	List of hospitals in NC in 1916	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_AMD_1918.xlsx`	AMD (1918)	List of hospitals in NC in 1918	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_AMD_1921.xlsx`	AMD (1921)	List of hospitals in NC in 1921	Yes
`amd_hospitals/Final_AMD_1923.xlsx`	AMD (1923)	List of hospitals in NC in 1923	Yes
`amd_med_schools/history-medical-schools-1942.xlsx`	AMD (1942)	"History of Medical Schools"	Yes
`amd_med_schools/med_school_college_requirements.xlsx`	JAMA, various years	Pre-requisites for medical schools	Yes
`amd_med_schools/med_school_ratings.xlsx`	JAMA, various years	AMA ratings	Yes
`amd_med_schools/medical_schools_list_(1923 AMD).dta`	AMD (1923)	List of medical schools in 1923	Yes
`amd_med_schools/us-medical-schools-alphabetical-1942.xlsx`	AMD (1942)	"Medical Schools - Alphabetical List"	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1912.dta`	AMD (1912)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1914.dta`	AMD (1914)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1918.dta`	AMD (1918)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1921.dta`	AMD (1921)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1923.dta`	AMD (1923)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1925.dta`	AMD (1925)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1927.dta`	AMD (1927)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1929.dta`	AMD (1929)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1931.dta`	AMD (1931)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1934.dta`	AMD (1934)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1936.dta`	AMD (1936)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1938.dta`	AMD (1938)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1940.dta`	AMD (1940)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`amd_physicians/amd_physicians_nc_1942.dta`	AMD (1942)	Physicians of NC	Yes
`cdc-wonder/imr-and-life-expectancy-by-year.xlsx`	Haines (2008), Arias (2010), Arias et al. (2021)	Life expectancy	Yes
`chd_operation_dates.xlsx`	Ferrell and Mead (1933)	County health departments	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1928_1931/Final_CE-1928.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1928)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1928_1931/Final_CE-1929.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1929)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1928_1931/Final_CE-1930.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1930)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1928_1931/Final_CE-1931.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1931)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/Final_CE-1932-1938.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1932-1938)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1939.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1939)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1940.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1940)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1941.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1941)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1942.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1942)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1943.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1943)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1944.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1944)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1945.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1945)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1946.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1946)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1947.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1947)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1948.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1948)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1949.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1949)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1950.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1950)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1951.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1951)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1952.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1952)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1953.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1953)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1954.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1954)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1955.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1955)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1956.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1956)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1957.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1957)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1958.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1958)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1959.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1959)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1960.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1960)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1961.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1961)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/capital_expenditures/by_year_1939_1962/Final_CE-1962.xlsx`	The Duke Endowment (1962)	Capital expenditures	Yes
`duke/ce_locations_1927_1938.xslsx`	Annual Report of the Hospital Section	Locations of Duke funded hospitals	Yes
`duke/ce_locations_1927_1938_entry_2.xslsx`	Annual Report of the Hospital Section	Locations of Duke funded hospitals	Yes
`duke/inflation_factors.xslsx`	Sahr (2018)	Consumer Price Index (CPI) Conversion Factors	Yes
`duke/labc_locations_1925_1962.xslsx`	Annual Report of the Hospital Section	Locations of Duke funded hospitals	Yes
`duke/returns_by_year.xslsx`	Yearbook of The Duke Endowment	Annual return of Endowment	Yes
`gnis/NationalFile_20190301.txt`	USGS (2019)	GNIS National File	Yes
`gnis/stateabb.dta`	Authors	Crosswalk of state names and abbreviations	Yes
`hospitals/all_hosp.xlsx`	Esteves et al. (2022)	AMA hospital data	Yes
`hospitals/pollitt-nc-african-american-hospitals.xslx`	Pollitt (2017)	African American hospitals	Yes
`icpsr/36603-0001-Data.dta`	Bailey et al. (2018)	U.S. county-level natality and mortality data	Yes
`icpsr/icpsrcnt.xls`	IPUMS USA (2015)	ICPSR county codes	Yes
`ipums/us/usa_00004.dta`	Ruggles et al. (2023b)	1920 and 1930 U.S. Census Full Counts	No
`ipums/us/usa_00005.dta`	Ruggles et al. (2023b)	1920 and 1930 U.S. Census Full Counts	No
`ipums/ipums_placenhg_code_list.xlsx`	IPUMS USA (2021)	PLACENHG code list	Yes
`ipums/usa_00086.dta`	Ruggles et al. (2023a)	1910-1940 US Full-Count Censuses (residents of North Carolina subsamples)	No
`ipums/usa_00087.dta`	Ruggles et al. (2023a)	1940 US Full-Count Census (residents of North Carolina subsample)	No
`nc_deaths/nc_deaths_raw.dta`	Cook et al. (2014; 2016)	NC death certificates	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1922.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1922)	Births by race in 1922	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1923.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1923)	Births by race in 1923	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1924.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1924)	Births by race in 1924	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1925.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1925)	Births by race in 1925	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1926.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1926)	Births by race in 1926	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1927.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1927)	Births by race in 1927	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1928.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1928)	Births by race in 1928	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1929.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1929)	Births by race in 1929	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1930.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1930)	Births by race in 1930	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1931.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1931)	Births by race in 1931	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1932.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1932)	Births by race in 1932	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1933.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1933)	Births by race in 1933	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1934.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1934)	Births by race in 1934	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1935.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1935)	Births by race in 1935	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1936.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1936)	Births by race in 1936	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1937.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1937)	Births by race in 1937	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1938.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1938)	Births by race in 1938	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1939.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1939)	Births by race in 1939	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1940.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1940)	Births by race in 1940	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1941.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1941)	Births by race in 1941	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1942.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1942)	Births by race in 1942	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1943.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1943)	Births by race in 1943	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1944.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1944)	Births by race in 1944	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1945.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1945)	Births by race in 1945	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1946.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1946)	Births by race in 1946	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1947.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1947)	Births by race in 1947	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/births_by_race/1948.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1948)	Births by race in 1948	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1918-1922-infant-mortality-rate-only.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1922)	Infant mortality, 1918-1922	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1923.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1923)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1923	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1924.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1924)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1924	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1925.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1925)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1925	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1926.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1926)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1926	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1927.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1927)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1927	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1928.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1928)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1928	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1929.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1929)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1929	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1930.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1930)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1930	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1931.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1931)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1931	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1932.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1932)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1932	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1933.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1933)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1933	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1934.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1934)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1934	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1935.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1935)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1935	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1936.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1936)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1936	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1937.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1937)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1937	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1938.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1938)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1938	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1939.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1939)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1939	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1940.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1940)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1940	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1941.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1941)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1941	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/infant_maternal_mortality/1942.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1942)	Infant and maternal mortality in 1942	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/pneumonia_mortality/Final_transcription-1922.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1922)	Pneumonia mortality in 1922	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/pneumonia_mortality/Final_transcription-1923.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1923)	Pneumonia mortality in 1923	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/pneumonia_mortality/Final_transcription-1924.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1924)	Pneumonia mortality in 1924	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/pneumonia_mortality/Final_transcription-1925.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1925)	Pneumonia mortality in 1925	Yes
`nc_vital_stats/pneumonia_mortality/Final_transcription-1926.xlsx`	NC-BVS (1926)	Pneumonia mortality in 1926	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0033_shapefile_tl2000_us_county_1900/US_county_1900.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US county boundaries (1900)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0033_shapefile_tl2000_us_county_1910/US_county_1910.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US county boundaries (1910)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0033_shapefile_tl2000_us_county_1920/US_county_1920.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US county boundaries (1920)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0033_shapefile_tl2000_us_county_1930/US_county_1930.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US county boundaries (1930)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0033_shapefile_tl2000_us_county_1940/US_county_1940.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US county boundaries (1940)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0033_shapefile_tl2000_us_county_1950/US_county_1950.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US county boundaries (1950)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0033_shapefile_tl2000_us_county_1960/US_county_1960.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US county boundaries (1960)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0034_shapefile_tlgnis_us_place_point_1940/US_place_point_1940.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US Place Points (1940)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0035_shapefile_tlgnis_us_place_point_1940/US_place_point_1920.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US Place Points (1920)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0035_shapefile_tlgnis_us_place_point_1940/US_place_point_1930.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US Place Points (1930)	Yes
`nhgis/nhgis0036_shapefile_tlgnis_us_place_point_1940/US_place_point_1910.*`	Manson et al. (2022)	NHGIS US Place Points (1910)	Yes
`nhgis/tables/nhgis0029_ds31_1900_county.dat`	Manson et al. (2019)	NHGIS County-level data (1900)	Yes
`nhgis/tables/nhgis0029_ds37_1910_county.dat`	Manson et al. (2019)	NHGIS County-level data (1910)	Yes
`nhgis/tables/nhgis0029_ds43_1920_county.dat`	Manson et al. (2019)	NHGIS County-level data (1920)	Yes
`nhgis/tables/nhgis0029_ds54_1930_county.dat`	Manson et al. (2019)	NHGIS County-level data (1930)	Yes
`nhgis/tables/nhgis0029_ds78_1940_county.dat`	Manson et al. (2019)	NHGIS County-level data (1940)	Yes
`nhgis/tables/nhgis0029_ds84_1950_county.dat`	Manson et al. (2019)	NHGIS County-level data (1950)	Yes
`nhgis/tables/nhgis0029_ds91_1960_county.dat`	Manson et al. (2019)	NHGIS County-level data (1960)	Yes
`numident/ferrie_crosswalk.dta`	Black et al. (2015)	NUMIDENT place of birth text string to GNIS Feature ID crosswalk	Yes
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH01_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH02_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH03_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH04_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH05_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH06_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH07_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH08_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH09_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH01-10_PU/NUMDEATH10_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH11_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH12_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH13_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH14_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH15_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH16_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH17_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH18_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH19_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/death/NUMDEATH11-20_PU/NUMDEATH20_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Death Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_01-05_PU/NUMSS5_01_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_01-05_PU/NUMSS5_02_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_01-05_PU/NUMSS5_03_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_01-05_PU/NUMSS5_04_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_01-05_PU/NUMSS5_05_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_06-10_PU/NUMSS5_06_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_06-10_PU/NUMSS5_07_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_06-10_PU/NUMSS5_08_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_06-10_PU/NUMSS5_09_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_06-10_PU/NUMSS5_10_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_11-15_PU/NUMSS5_11_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_11-15_PU/NUMSS5_12_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_11-15_PU/NUMSS5_13_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_11-15_PU/NUMSS5_14_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_11-15_PU/NUMSS5_15_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_16-20_PU/NUMSS5_16_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_16-20_PU/NUMSS5_17_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_16-20_PU/NUMSS5_18_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_16-20_PU/NUMSS5_19_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`numident/ss5/NUMSS5_16-20_PU/NUMSS5_20_PU.txt`	Wray et al. (2007)	NUMIDENT Application (SS-5) Files	No
`pvf/bdct2140.xls`	Fishback, Haines, and Kantor (2007)	City-level data, 1921-1940	Yes
`seer/al.1969_2020.singleages.adjusted.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/ar.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/fl.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/ga.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/ky.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/la.1969_2020.singleages.adjusted.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/md.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/ms.1969_2020.singleages.adjusted.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/nc.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/ok.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/sc.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/tn.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/tx.1969_2020.singleages.adjusted.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/va.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes
`seer/wv.1969_2020.singleages.txt`	SEER (2022)	Single year of age population estimates	Yes

Computational requirements

Software Requirements

The replication package contains all programs used for computation in the analysis/scripts/libraries/stata-18 and analysis/scripts/libraries/R directories.

All software used for stata is contained within the analysis/scripts/libraries/stata-18 directory. If you'd like to use updated versions of this code (which may be different than the versions we used) you may install stata packages using the analysis/scripts/code/_install_stata_packages.do file. Note that you may need to delete and then reinstall all the packages in analysis/scripts/libraries/stata-18/g related to gtools since gtools will install machine specific libraries.

Packages and version control related to R should be in analysis/scripts/libraries/R and are controlled using renv package. Please see the file analysis/scripts/code/_install_R_packages.R.

Stata (Version 18)
R 4.3.1

Portions of the code use shell commands, which may require unix.

Controlled Randomness

Whenever a random seed is used we use 12345. These are set on the following lines, in the following scripts.
- Line 33 of analysis/scripts/code/6.09_online_appendix_k_ri.do
- Line 32 of analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do
- Line 516 of analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do
- Line 32 of analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do

Memory, Runtime, Storage Requirements

Summary

Approximate time needed to reproduce the analyses on a standard (2024) desktop machine:

1-3 hours

Approximate storage space needed:

25 GB - 250 GB

Details

The code was last run on a 10-core Mac Studio with an Apple M2 Ultra chip, running MacOS version 14.2.1 with 192 GB of RAM and 3TB of free space. Computation took 81 minutes 28.2 seconds to run.

Each section of the code took the following time to run

Build data: 52 minutes
Main figures and tables: 2 minutes
Online appendix, specification chart, and sample chart: 27 minutes
In-text citations: < 1 minute

Description of programs/code

The program 0_run_all.do will run all programs in the sequence listed below. If running in any order other than the one outlined above, your results may differ.
- Custom ado files have been stored in the analysis/scripts/programs directory and ado packages have been included in the analysis/scripts/libraries directory. The 0_run_all.do file sets the .ado directories appropriately.
The program analysis/scripts/code/1_process_raw_data.do will extract and reformat all datasets referenced above, with the exception of IPUMS full count data that are subject to restrictions on redistribution and are not included in the public repository.
- The program analysis/scripts/code/1_1_process_ipums_data.do separately cleans IPUMS USA Full-Count data.
The program analysis/scripts/code/2_clean_data.do cleans all datasets provided in the public repository.
- The program analysis/scripts/code/_gnis_nhgis_overlay.R is called by analysis/scripts/code/2_clean_data.do to create an overlay of county boundaries from GNIS and NHGIS.
The program analysis/scripts/code/3_0_ipums_data_for_geocode_nc_deaths.do processes IPUMS-USA Full-Count data used in preparation for running analysis/scripts/code/3_geocode_nc_deaths.do
- The program analysis/scripts/code/_placenhg_nhgis_overlay.R is called by analysis/scripts/code/3_0_ipums_data_for_geocode_nc_deaths.do to overlay NHGIS place point coordinates on NHGIS county boundaries.
The program analysis/scripts/code/3_geocode_nc_deaths.do maps place of birth text strings in the North Carolina death certificates to birth counties.
- The programs in analysis/scripts/code/3_geocode_nc_deaths/ are called by analysis/scripts/code/3_geocode_nc_deaths.do in the process of coding the birth county.
The program analysis/ scripts/code/4_compile_data.do compiles all the datasets generated from public datasets to create the analysis datasets.
- The program analysis/scripts/code/4_1_compile_ipums_data.do constructs analysis datasets that use IPUMS data as inputs.
The program analysis/scripts/code/5_tables.do generates all tables in the main body of the article.
The programs analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do generates Figures 1 to 4 in the main body of the article.
- The program analysis/scripts/code/5_maps.R is called by analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do to generate the maps in Figure 1
The names of output files begin with an appropriate prefix (e.g. table_5_*.tex, figure_2b2_*.pdf) and should be easy to correlate with the manuscript. In figures with multiple sub-elements, the prefix of the file name includes, in order, the figure number, the panel (as displayed in the manuscript), and the row number (not shown in the manuscript).
Separate programs generate all tables and figures in each online appendix. The correspondence between appendices and programs goes as follows (Appendix A and H do not include any analysis):
- Appendix B: analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do
- Appendix C: analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do
- Appendix D: analysis/scripts/code/6.03_online_appendix_d_infant_mortality.do
- Appendix E: analysis/scripts/code/6.04_online_appendix_e_heterogeneity.do
- Appendix G: analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do
- Appendix J: analysis/scripts/code/6.06_online_appendix_j_non_nc.do
- Appendix F: analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do
- Appendix I: analysis/scripts/code/6.08.0_online_appendix_i_es_diagnostics.do
  - The program analysis/scripts/code/6.08.1_bacon_decomp.R is called by analysis/scripts/code/6.08.0_online_appendix_i_es_diagnostics.do
- Appendix K: analysis/scripts/code/6.09_online_appendix_k_ri.do
- Appendix L: analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do
- Appendix M: analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do
- Appendix N: analysis/scripts/code/6.12_online_appendix_n_summary_stats.do
- Appendix J: analysis/scripts/code/6.13_online_appendix_j_iv.do
The programs analysis/scripts/code/7_combined_spec_chart.R and analysis/scripts/code/7_sample_chart.R create Figures 5a and 5b respectively.
The program analysis/scripts/code/8_intext_stats.do computes various statistics described in the manuscript that are not derived from any of the exhibits.

License for Code

The code is licensed under a MIT license. See LICENSE.txt for details.

Instructions to Replicators

To perform a clean run

Be sure to have downloaded the publicly available IPUMS and ICPSR data that we are not allowed to redistribute
Be sure to download the NUMIDENT data from https://doi.org/10.3886/E207202V1.
Delete the following two directories:

/processed
/output

Open the stata project duke-replication.stpr or make the working directory of Stata is the same directory duke-replication.stpr is located in
Run this file, 0_run_all.do

List of tables and programs

The provided code reproduces:

All numbers provided in text in the paper
All tables and figures in the paper

Figure/Table #	Program	Line Numbers	Output File
Table 1	analysis/scripts/code/5_tables.do	255-292	table_1_county_level_hospitals.tex
Table 2	analysis/scripts/code/5_tables.do	517-577	table_2_county_level_doctors_2yr_as_quality.tex
Table 3	analysis/scripts/code/5_tables.do	689-712	table_3_infant_mortality_poisson_extensive.tex
Table 4	analysis/scripts/code/5_tables.do	767-889	table_4_infant_mortality_poisson_intensive.tex
Table 5	analysis/scripts/code/5_tables.do	1066	table_5_continuous_sulfa_interaction.tex
Table 6	analysis/scripts/code/5_tables.do	1195-1218	table_6_long_run_mortality_poisson.tex
Figure 1a	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	79	figure_1a_share_counties_treated.pdf
Figure 1b	analysis/scripts/code/5_maps.R	76	figure_1b_duke_map.pdf
Figure 1c	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	134	figure_1c_infant_morality_by_race_over_time.pdf
Figure 1d	analysis/scripts/code/5_maps.R	91	figure_1d_imr_map.pdf
Figure 2a1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	289	figure_2a1_total_beds_by_year.pdf
Figure 2b1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	289	figure_2b1_likely_beds_by_year.pdf
Figure 2c1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	289	figure_2c1_private_beds_by_year.pdf
Figure 2a2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	379	figure_2a2_total_beds_by_event_time.pdf
Figure 2b2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	379	figure_2b2_likely_beds_by_event_time.pdf
Figure 2c2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	379	figure_2c2_private_beds_by_event_time.pdf
Figure 2a3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	816	figure_2a3_total_beds_first_stage.pdf
Figure 2b3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	816	figure_2b3_likely_beds_first_stage.pdf
Figure 2c3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	816	figure_2c3_private_beds_first_stage.pdf
Figure 3a1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	860	figure_3a1_pooled_rMD_by_treat_status.pdf
Figure 3b1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	880	figure_3b1_pooled_rMD_good_by_treat_status.pdf
Figure 3c1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	899	figure_3c1_pooled_rMD_bad_by_treat_status.pdf
Figure 3a2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	959	figure_3a2_pooled_rMD_by_event_time.pdf
Figure 3b2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	978	figure_3b2_pooled_rMD_good_by_event_time.pdf
Figure 3c2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	997	figure_3c2_pooled_rMD_bad_by_event_time.pdf
Figure 3a3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1436	figure_3a3_pooled_rMD_first_stage.pdf
Figure 3b3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1436	figure_3b3_pooled_rMD_good_first_stage.pdf
Figure 3c3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1436	figure_3c3_pooled_rMD_bad_first_stage.pdf
Figure 4a1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1497	figure_4a1_imr_by_treatment_status_pooled.pdf
Figure 4b1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1515	figure_4b1_imr_by_treatment_status_black.pdf
Figure 4c1	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1533	figure_4c1_imr_by_treatment_status_white.pdf
Figure 4a2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1597	figure_4a2_imr_by_event_time_pooled.pdf
Figure 4b2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1615	figure_4b2_imr_by_event_time_black.pdf
Figure 4c2	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	1633	figure_4c2_imr_by_event_time_white.pdf
Figure 4a3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	2126	figure_4a3_imr_event_study_pooled.pdf
Figure 4b3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	2126	figure_4b3_imr_event_study_black.pdf
Figure 4c3	analysis/scripts/code/5_figures.do	2126	figure_4c3_imr_event_study_white.pdf
Figure 5a	analysis/scripts/code/7_combined_spec_chart.R	420	figure_5a_spec_chart_combined.pdf
Figure 5b	analysis/scripts/code/7_sample_chart.R	198	figure_5b_sample_chart.pdf
Table B1	analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do	175-197	table_b1_county_level_hospitals_robustness.tex
Figure B1a1	analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do	314	figure_b1a1_total_hospitals_by_year.pdf
Figure B1a2	analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do	314	figure_b1a2_likely_hospitals_by_year.pdf
Figure B1a3	analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do	314	figure_b1a3_private_hospitals_by_year.pdf
Figure B1b1	analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do	755	figure_b1b1_total_hospitals_first_stage.pdf
Figure B1b2	analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do	755	figure_b1b2_likely_hospitals_first_stage.pdf
Figure B1b3	analysis/scripts/code/6.01_online_appendix_b_hospitals.do	755	figure_b1b3_private_hospitals_first_stage.pdf
Table C1	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	237-269	table_c1_county_level_doctors_robustness.tex
Table C2	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	416-479	table_c2_county_level_doctors_alt_qual_high.tex
Table C3	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	493-555	table_c3_county_level_doctors_alt_qual_low.tex
Table C4	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	685-741	table_c4_county_level_doctors_other_metrics.tex
Figure C1a1	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	792	figure_c1a1_black_rMD_by_treatment_status.pdf
Figure C1a2	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	812	figure_c1a2_black_rMD_good_by_treatment_status.pdf
Figure C1a3	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	832	figure_c1a3_black_rMD_bad_by_treatment_status.pdf
Figure C1b1	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	792	figure_c1b1_all_black_doctors_first_stage.pdf
Figure C1b2	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	812	figure_c1b2_good_black_doctors_first_stage.pdf
Figure C1b3	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	832	figure_c1b3_bad_black_doctors_first_stage.pdf
Figure C2a1	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	866	figure_c2a1_white_rMD_by_treatment_status.pdf
Figure C2a2	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	886	figure_c2a2_white_rMD_good_by_treatment_status.pdf
Figure C2a3	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	906	figure_c2a3_white_rMD_bad_by_treatment_status.pdf
Figure C2b1	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	866	figure_c2b1_all_white_doctors_first_stage.pdf
Figure C2b2	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	886	figure_c2b2_good_white_doctors_first_stage.pdf
Figure C2b3	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	906	figure_c2b3_bad_white_doctors_first_stage.pdf
Figure C3a1	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	1416	figure_c3a1_med_profs_by_treatment_status_nurse.pdf
Figure C3a2	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	1416	figure_c3a2_med_profs_by_treatment_status_hosp_attendant.pdf
Figure C3a3	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	1416	figure_c3a3_med_profs_by_treatment_status_hosp_clerical.pdf
Figure C3b1	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	1504	figure_c3b1_event_study_hosp_staff_nurse.pdf
Figure C3b2	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	1504	figure_c3b2_event_study_hosp_staff_hosp_attendant.pdf
Figure C3b3	analysis/scripts/code/6.02_online_appendix_c_doctors.do	1504	figure_c3b3_event_study_hosp_staff_hosp_clerical.pdf
Table D1	analysis/scripts/code/6.03_online_appendix_d_infant_mortality.do	214-236	table_d1_infant_mortality_robustness.tex
Table D2	analysis/scripts/code/6.03_online_appendix_d_infant_mortality.do	392-414	table_d2_infant_mortality_log_specs.tex
Figure D1a	analysis/scripts/code/6.03_online_appendix_d_infant_mortality.do	662	figure_d1a_event_study_pooled_imr_stacked_poisson_kappa_*_controls_no.pdf
Figure D1b	analysis/scripts/code/6.03_online_appendix_d_infant_mortality.do	662	figure_d1b_event_study_pooled_imr_stacked_poisson_kappa_*_controls_yes.pdf
Table E1	analysis/scripts/code/6.04_online_appendix_e_heterogeneity.do	69-283	table_e1_het_summary.tex
Figure E1	analysis/scripts/code/6.04_online_appendix_e_heterogeneity.do	349	figure_e1_share_rec_pay_by_years_since_app.pdf
Figure E2a	analysis/scripts/code/6.04_online_appendix_e_heterogeneity.do	490	figure_e2a_bin_pooled.pdf
Figure E2b	analysis/scripts/code/6.04_online_appendix_e_heterogeneity.do	510	figure_e2b_app_pooled.pdf
Figure E2c	analysis/scripts/code/6.04_online_appendix_e_heterogeneity.do	530	figure_e2c_pay_pooled.pdf
Table F1	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	191-214	table_F1_later_life_mortality_with_rates.tex
Table F2	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	412-435	table_F2_later_life_mortality_collapsed.tex
Table F3	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	600-623	table_F3_combined_mortality_clean_controls
Table F4	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	832-855	table_F4_later_life_mortality_add_south_carolina
Figure F1	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	924	figure_F1_life_exp_at_birth_with_numident_restrictions.pdf
Figure F2	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	1196	figure_F2_long_run_unbalanced_event_study.pdf
Figure F3	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	1004	figure_F3_unbalanced_event_time_long_run.pdf
Figure F4	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	1439	figure_F4_long_run_unbalanced_event_study_extended.pdf
Figure F5 (top)	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	1737	figure_F5_balanced_event_study.pdf
Figure F5 (bottom)	analysis/scripts/code/6.07_online_appendix_f_long_run.do	1549	figure_F5_bot_balanced_event_time_long_run
Table G1	analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do	264	table_g1_covariance_balance_test.tex
Table G2	analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do	362-370	table_g2_maternal_mortality_diff_specs.tex
Table G3	analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do	593-615	table_g3_short_run_fertility_diff_specs.tex
Table G4	analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do	711-733	table_g4_infant_mortality_poisson_by_timing.tex
Table G5	analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do	1032-1054	table_g5_stillborn_unnamed_infants.tex
Table G6	analysis/scripts/code/6.05_online_appendix_g_other_results.do	1143-1235	table_g6_sulfa_dd_poisson.tex
Table I1	analysis/scripts/code/6.08.0_online_appendix_i_es_diagnostics.do	171	table_i1_bacon_summary.tex
Figure I1a	analysis/scripts/code/6.08.0_online_appendix_i_es_diagnostics.do	120	figure_i1a_bacon_decomp_diagnostic.pdf
Figure I1b	analysis/scripts/code/6.08.0_online_appendix_i_es_diagnostics.do	120	figure_i1b_bacon_decomp_diagnostic_bk.pdf
Figure I1c	analysis/scripts/code/6.08.0_online_appendix_i_es_diagnostics.do	120	figure_i1c_bacon_decomp_diagnostic_wt.pdf
Figure I2	analysis/scripts/code/6.08.0_online_appendix_i_es_diagnostics.do	222	figure_i2_event_study_n_treated_units.pdf
Table J1	analysis/scripts/code/6.13_online_appendix_j_iv.do	465-637	table_j1_iv_pooled_imr_intensive.tex
Figure J1a	analysis/scripts/code/6.06_online_appendix_j_non_nc.do	181	figure_j1a_imr_treated_vs_southern_bk.pdf
Figure J1b	analysis/scripts/code/6.06_online_appendix_j_non_nc.do	211	figure_j1b_imr_treated_vs_southern_wt.pdf
Figure J2a	analysis/scripts/code/6.06_online_appendix_j_non_nc.do	468	figure_j2a_es_other_southern_states_imr_pooled.pdf
Figure J2b	analysis/scripts/code/6.06_online_appendix_j_non_nc.do	468	figure_j2b_es_other_southern_states_imr_black.pdf
Figure J2c	analysis/scripts/code/6.06_online_appendix_j_non_nc.do	468	figure_j2c_es_other_southern_states_imr_white.pdf
Figure K1	analysis/scripts/code/6.09_online_appendix_k_ri.do	221	figure_k1_ri_all_cty_b.pdf
Table L1	analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do	424-461	table_l1_county_level_hospitals_1922_1950.tex
Table L2	analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do	1207	table_l2_combined_mortality_poisson_clean_controls_1962.tex
Figure L1a	analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do	723	figure_l1a_total_beds_first_stage_1922_1950.pdf
Figure L1b	analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do	723	figure_l1b_likely_beds_first_stage_1922_1950.pdf
Figure L1c	analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do	723	figure_l1c_private_beds_first_stage_1922_1950.pdf
Figure L2a	analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do	872	figure_l2a_imr_bailey_treated_vs_bailey_south_1962.pdf
Figure L2b	analysis/scripts/code/6.10_online_appendix_l_extended_panel.do	872	figure_l2b_pooled_other_southern_states_event_study_bailey.pdf
Table M1	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	444-460	table_m1_imr_poisson_clean_cntrls_psm.tex
Table M2	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	946-969	table_m2_combined_mortality_poisson_clean_controls_psm_900.tex
Table M3	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	946-969	table_m3_combined_mortality_poisson_clean_controls_psm_750.tex
Table M4	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	946-969	table_m4_combined_mortality_poisson_clean_controls_psm_500.tex
Figure M1a1	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1a1_psm_top100pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_pooled_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1a2	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1a2_psm_top100pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_black_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1a3	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1a3_psm_top100pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_white_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1b1	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1b1_psm_top250pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_pooled_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1b2	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1b2_psm_top250pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_black_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1b3	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1b3_psm_top250pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_white_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1c1	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1c1_psm_top500pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_pooled_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1c2	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1c2_psm_top500pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_black_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Figure M1c3	analysis/scripts/code/6.11_online_appendix_m_psm.do	384-414	figure_m1c3_psm_top500pct_fake_treat_clean_cntrls_white_by_treatment_over_time.pdf
Table N1	analysis/scripts/code/6.12_online_appendix_n_summary_stats.do	78-259	table_n1_summary_treatment_mortality.tex
Table N2	analysis/scripts/code/6.12_online_appendix_n_summary_stats.do	287-393	table_n2_summary_first_stage.tex

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Acknowledgements

Some content on this page was copied from Hindawi. Other content was adapted from Fort (2016), Supplementary data, with the author's permission.

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0_run_all.do		0_run_all.do
LICENSE.txt		LICENSE.txt
README.md		README.md
duke-replication.Rproj		duke-replication.Rproj
duke-replication.stpr		duke-replication.stpr
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