_client.py

# coding=utf-8
# Copyright 2023-present, the HuggingFace Inc. team.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
# Related resources:
#    https://huggingface.co/tasks
#    https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface.js/inference/README
#    https://github.com/huggingface/huggingface.js/tree/main/packages/inference/src
#    https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference/tree/main/clients/python
#    https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference/blob/main/clients/python/text_generation/client.py
#    https://huggingface.slack.com/archives/C03E4DQ9LAJ/p1680169099087869
#    https://github.com/huggingface/unity-api#tasks
#
# Some TODO:
# - add all tasks
#
# NOTE: the philosophy of this client is "let's make it as easy as possible to use it, even if less optimized". Some
# examples of how it translates:
# - Timeout / Server unavailable is handled by the client in a single "timeout" parameter.
# - Files can be provided as bytes, file paths, or URLs and the client will try to "guess" the type.
# - Images are parsed as PIL.Image for easier manipulation.
# - Provides a "recommended model" for each task => suboptimal but user-wise quicker to get a first script running.
# - Only the main parameters are publicly exposed. Power users can always read the docs for more options.
import base64
import logging
import time
import warnings
from typing import (
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Any,
    Dict,
    Iterable,
    List,
    Literal,
    Optional,
    Union,
    overload,
)

from requests import HTTPError
from requests.structures import CaseInsensitiveDict

from huggingface_hub.constants import ALL_INFERENCE_API_FRAMEWORKS, INFERENCE_ENDPOINT, MAIN_INFERENCE_API_FRAMEWORKS
from huggingface_hub.errors import InferenceTimeoutError
from huggingface_hub.inference._common import (
    TASKS_EXPECTING_IMAGES,
    ContentT,
    ModelStatus,
    _b64_encode,
    _b64_to_image,
    _bytes_to_dict,
    _bytes_to_image,
    _bytes_to_list,
    _fetch_recommended_models,
    _import_numpy,
    _is_chat_completion_server,
    _is_tgi_server,
    _open_as_binary,
    _set_as_non_chat_completion_server,
    _set_as_non_tgi,
    _stream_chat_completion_response_from_bytes,
    _stream_chat_completion_response_from_text_generation,
    _stream_text_generation_response,
    raise_text_generation_error,
)
from huggingface_hub.inference._generated.types import (
    AudioClassificationOutputElement,
    AudioToAudioOutputElement,
    AutomaticSpeechRecognitionOutput,
    ChatCompletionOutput,
    ChatCompletionOutputChoice,
    ChatCompletionOutputChoiceMessage,
    ChatCompletionStreamOutput,
    DocumentQuestionAnsweringOutputElement,
    FillMaskOutputElement,
    ImageClassificationOutputElement,
    ImageSegmentationOutputElement,
    ImageToTextOutput,
    ObjectDetectionOutputElement,
    QuestionAnsweringOutputElement,
    SummarizationOutput,
    TableQuestionAnsweringOutputElement,
    TextClassificationOutputElement,
    TextGenerationOutput,
    TextGenerationStreamOutput,
    TokenClassificationOutputElement,
    TranslationOutput,
    VisualQuestionAnsweringOutputElement,
    ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement,
    ZeroShotImageClassificationOutputElement,
)
from huggingface_hub.inference._templating import render_chat_prompt
from huggingface_hub.inference._types import (
    ConversationalOutput,  # soon to be removed
)
from huggingface_hub.utils import (
    BadRequestError,
    build_hf_headers,
    get_session,
    hf_raise_for_status,
)


if TYPE_CHECKING:
    import numpy as np
    from PIL import Image

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class InferenceClient:
    """
    Initialize a new Inference Client.

    [`InferenceClient`] aims to provide a unified experience to perform inference. The client can be used
    seamlessly with either the (free) Inference API or self-hosted Inference Endpoints.

    Args:
        model (`str`, `optional`):
            The model to run inference with. Can be a model id hosted on the Hugging Face Hub, e.g. `bigcode/starcoder`
            or a URL to a deployed Inference Endpoint. Defaults to None, in which case a recommended model is
            automatically selected for the task.
        token (`str` or `bool`, *optional*):
            Hugging Face token. Will default to the locally saved token if not provided.
            Pass `token=False` if you don't want to send your token to the server.
        timeout (`float`, `optional`):
            The maximum number of seconds to wait for a response from the server. Loading a new model in Inference
            API can take up to several minutes. Defaults to None, meaning it will loop until the server is available.
        headers (`Dict[str, str]`, `optional`):
            Additional headers to send to the server. By default only the authorization and user-agent headers are sent.
            Values in this dictionary will override the default values.
        cookies (`Dict[str, str]`, `optional`):
            Additional cookies to send to the server.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        token: Union[str, bool, None] = None,
        timeout: Optional[float] = None,
        headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
        cookies: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
    ) -> None:
        self.model: Optional[str] = model
        self.token: Union[str, bool, None] = token
        self.headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(build_hf_headers(token=token))  # contains 'authorization' + 'user-agent'
        if headers is not None:
            self.headers.update(headers)
        self.cookies = cookies
        self.timeout = timeout

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"<InferenceClient(model='{self.model if self.model else ''}', timeout={self.timeout})>"

    @overload
    def post(  # type: ignore[misc]
        self,
        *,
        json: Optional[Union[str, Dict, List]] = None,
        data: Optional[ContentT] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        task: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: Literal[False] = ...,
    ) -> bytes: ...

    @overload
    def post(  # type: ignore[misc]
        self,
        *,
        json: Optional[Union[str, Dict, List]] = None,
        data: Optional[ContentT] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        task: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: Literal[True] = ...,
    ) -> Iterable[bytes]: ...

    @overload
    def post(
        self,
        *,
        json: Optional[Union[str, Dict, List]] = None,
        data: Optional[ContentT] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        task: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
    ) -> Union[bytes, Iterable[bytes]]: ...

    def post(
        self,
        *,
        json: Optional[Union[str, Dict, List]] = None,
        data: Optional[ContentT] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        task: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
    ) -> Union[bytes, Iterable[bytes]]:
        """
        Make a POST request to the inference server.

        Args:
            json (`Union[str, Dict, List]`, *optional*):
                The JSON data to send in the request body, specific to each task. Defaults to None.
            data (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`, *optional*):
                The content to send in the request body, specific to each task.
                It can be raw bytes, a pointer to an opened file, a local file path,
                or a URL to an online resource (image, audio file,...). If both `json` and `data` are passed,
                `data` will take precedence. At least `json` or `data` must be provided. Defaults to None.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. Will override the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.
            task (`str`, *optional*):
                The task to perform on the inference. All available tasks can be found
                [here](https://huggingface.co/tasks). Used only to default to a recommended model if `model` is not
                provided. At least `model` or `task` must be provided. Defaults to None.
            stream (`bool`, *optional*):
                Whether to iterate over streaming APIs.

        Returns:
            bytes: The raw bytes returned by the server.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.
        """
        url = self._resolve_url(model, task)

        if data is not None and json is not None:
            warnings.warn("Ignoring `json` as `data` is passed as binary.")

        # Set Accept header if relevant
        headers = self.headers.copy()
        if task in TASKS_EXPECTING_IMAGES and "Accept" not in headers:
            headers["Accept"] = "image/png"

        t0 = time.time()
        timeout = self.timeout
        while True:
            with _open_as_binary(data) as data_as_binary:
                try:
                    response = get_session().post(
                        url,
                        json=json,
                        data=data_as_binary,
                        headers=headers,
                        cookies=self.cookies,
                        timeout=self.timeout,
                        stream=stream,
                    )
                except TimeoutError as error:
                    # Convert any `TimeoutError` to a `InferenceTimeoutError`
                    raise InferenceTimeoutError(f"Inference call timed out: {url}") from error  # type: ignore

            try:
                hf_raise_for_status(response)
                return response.iter_lines() if stream else response.content
            except HTTPError as error:
                if error.response.status_code == 422 and task is not None:
                    error.args = (
                        f"{error.args[0]}\nMake sure '{task}' task is supported by the model.",
                    ) + error.args[1:]
                if error.response.status_code == 503:
                    # If Model is unavailable, either raise a TimeoutError...
                    if timeout is not None and time.time() - t0 > timeout:
                        raise InferenceTimeoutError(
                            f"Model not loaded on the server: {url}. Please retry with a higher timeout (current:"
                            f" {self.timeout}).",
                            request=error.request,
                            response=error.response,
                        ) from error
                    # ...or wait 1s and retry
                    logger.info(f"Waiting for model to be loaded on the server: {error}")
                    time.sleep(1)
                    if timeout is not None:
                        timeout = max(self.timeout - (time.time() - t0), 1)  # type: ignore
                    continue
                raise

    def audio_classification(
        self,
        audio: ContentT,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[AudioClassificationOutputElement]:
        """
        Perform audio classification on the provided audio content.

        Args:
            audio (Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]):
                The audio content to classify. It can be raw audio bytes, a local audio file, or a URL pointing to an
                audio file.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for audio classification. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub
                or a URL to a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended model for
                audio classification will be used.

        Returns:
            `List[AudioClassificationOutputElement]`: List of [`AudioClassificationOutputElement`] items containing the predicted labels and their confidence.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.audio_classification("audio.flac")
        [
            AudioClassificationOutputElement(score=0.4976358711719513, label='hap'),
            AudioClassificationOutputElement(score=0.3677836060523987, label='neu'),
            ...
        ]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(data=audio, model=model, task="audio-classification")
        return AudioClassificationOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def audio_to_audio(
        self,
        audio: ContentT,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[AudioToAudioOutputElement]:
        """
        Performs multiple tasks related to audio-to-audio depending on the model (eg: speech enhancement, source separation).

        Args:
            audio (Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]):
                The audio content for the model. It can be raw audio bytes, a local audio file, or a URL pointing to an
                audio file.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model can be any model which takes an audio file and returns another audio file. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub
                or a URL to a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended model for
                audio_to_audio will be used.

        Returns:
            `List[AudioToAudioOutputElement]`: A list of [`AudioToAudioOutputElement`] items containing audios label, content-type, and audio content in blob.

        Raises:
            `InferenceTimeoutError`:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> audio_output = client.audio_to_audio("audio.flac")
        >>> for i, item in enumerate(audio_output):
        >>>     with open(f"output_{i}.flac", "wb") as f:
                    f.write(item.blob)
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(data=audio, model=model, task="audio-to-audio")
        audio_output = AudioToAudioOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)
        for item in audio_output:
            item.blob = base64.b64decode(item.blob)
        return audio_output

    def automatic_speech_recognition(
        self,
        audio: ContentT,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> AutomaticSpeechRecognitionOutput:
        """
        Perform automatic speech recognition (ASR or audio-to-text) on the given audio content.

        Args:
            audio (Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]):
                The content to transcribe. It can be raw audio bytes, local audio file, or a URL to an audio file.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for ASR. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended model for ASR will be used.

        Returns:
            [`AutomaticSpeechRecognitionOutput`]: An item containing the transcribed text and optionally the timestamp chunks.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.automatic_speech_recognition("hello_world.flac").text
        "hello world"
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(data=audio, model=model, task="automatic-speech-recognition")
        return AutomaticSpeechRecognitionOutput.parse_obj_as_instance(response)

    @overload
    def chat_completion(  # type: ignore
        self,
        messages: List[Dict[str, str]],
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: Literal[False] = False,
        max_tokens: int = 20,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
        temperature: float = 1.0,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> ChatCompletionOutput: ...

    @overload
    def chat_completion(  # type: ignore
        self,
        messages: List[Dict[str, str]],
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: Literal[True] = True,
        max_tokens: int = 20,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
        temperature: float = 1.0,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> Iterable[ChatCompletionStreamOutput]: ...

    @overload
    def chat_completion(
        self,
        messages: List[Dict[str, str]],
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
        max_tokens: int = 20,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
        temperature: float = 1.0,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> Union[ChatCompletionOutput, Iterable[ChatCompletionStreamOutput]]: ...

    def chat_completion(
        self,
        messages: List[Dict[str, str]],
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        stream: bool = False,
        max_tokens: int = 20,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop: Optional[Union[List[str], str]] = None,
        temperature: float = 1.0,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
    ) -> Union[ChatCompletionOutput, Iterable[ChatCompletionStreamOutput]]:
        """
        A method for completing conversations using a specified language model.

        <Tip>

        If the model is served by a server supporting chat-completion, the method will directly call the server's
        `/v1/chat/completions` endpoint. If the server does not support chat-completion, the method will render the
        chat template client-side based on the information fetched from the Hub API. In this case, you will need to
        have `minijinja` template engine installed. Run `pip install "huggingface_hub[inference]"` or `pip install minijinja`
        to install it.

        </Tip>

        Args:
            messages (List[Union[`SystemMessage`, `UserMessage`, `AssistantMessage`]]):
                Conversation history consisting of roles and content pairs.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for chat-completion. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended model for chat-based text-generation will be used.
                See https://huggingface.co/tasks/text-generation for more details.
            frequency_penalty (`float`, optional):
                Penalizes new tokens based on their existing frequency
                in the text so far. Range: [-2.0, 2.0]. Defaults to 0.0.
            max_tokens (`int`, optional):
                Maximum number of tokens allowed in the response. Defaults to 20.
            seed (Optional[`int`], optional):
                Seed for reproducible control flow. Defaults to None.
            stop (Optional[`str`], optional):
                Up to four strings which trigger the end of the response.
                Defaults to None.
            stream (`bool`, optional):
                Enable realtime streaming of responses. Defaults to False.
            temperature (`float`, optional):
                Controls randomness of the generations. Lower values ensure
                less random completions. Range: [0, 2]. Defaults to 1.0.
            top_p (`float`, optional):
                Fraction of the most likely next words to sample from.
                Must be between 0 and 1. Defaults to 1.0.

        Returns:
            `Union[ChatCompletionOutput, Iterable[ChatCompletionStreamOutput]]`:
            Generated text returned from the server:
            - if `stream=False`, the generated text is returned as a [`ChatCompletionOutput`] (default).
            - if `stream=True`, the generated text is returned token by token as a sequence of [`ChatCompletionStreamOutput`].

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> messages = [{"role": "user", "content": "What is the capital of France?"}]
        >>> client = InferenceClient("HuggingFaceH4/zephyr-7b-beta")
        >>> client.chat_completion(messages, max_tokens=100)
        ChatCompletionOutput(
            choices=[
                ChatCompletionOutputChoice(
                    finish_reason='eos_token',
                    index=0,
                    message=ChatCompletionOutputChoiceMessage(
                        content='The capital of France is Paris. The official name of the city is "Ville de Paris" (City of Paris) and the name of the country\'s governing body, which is located in Paris, is "La République française" (The French Republic). \nI hope that helps! Let me know if you need any further information.'
                    )
                )
            ],
            created=1710498360
        )

        >>> for token in client.chat_completion(messages, max_tokens=10, stream=True):
        ...     print(token)
        ChatCompletionStreamOutput(choices=[ChatCompletionStreamOutputChoice(delta=ChatCompletionStreamOutputDelta(content='The', role='assistant'), index=0, finish_reason=None)], created=1710498504)
        ChatCompletionStreamOutput(choices=[ChatCompletionStreamOutputChoice(delta=ChatCompletionStreamOutputDelta(content=' capital', role='assistant'), index=0, finish_reason=None)], created=1710498504)
        (...)
        ChatCompletionStreamOutput(choices=[ChatCompletionStreamOutputChoice(delta=ChatCompletionStreamOutputDelta(content=' may', role='assistant'), index=0, finish_reason=None)], created=1710498504)
        ChatCompletionStreamOutput(choices=[ChatCompletionStreamOutputChoice(delta=ChatCompletionStreamOutputDelta(content=None, role=None), index=0, finish_reason='length')], created=1710498504)
        ```
        """
        # determine model
        model = model or self.model or self.get_recommended_model("text-generation")

        if _is_chat_completion_server(model):
            # First, let's consider the server has a `/v1/chat/completions` endpoint.
            # If that's the case, we don't have to render the chat template client-side.
            model_url = self._resolve_url(model)
            if not model_url.endswith("/chat/completions"):
                model_url += "/v1/chat/completions"

            try:
                data = self.post(
                    model=model_url,
                    json=dict(
                        model="tgi",  # random string
                        messages=messages,
                        max_tokens=max_tokens,
                        seed=seed,
                        stop=stop,
                        temperature=temperature,
                        top_p=top_p,
                        stream=stream,
                    ),
                    stream=stream,
                )
            except HTTPError:
                # Let's consider the server is not a chat completion server.
                # Then we call again `chat_completion` which will render the chat template client side.
                # (can be HTTP 500, HTTP 400, HTTP 404 depending on the server)
                _set_as_non_chat_completion_server(model)
                return self.chat_completion(
                    messages=messages,
                    model=model,
                    stream=stream,
                    max_tokens=max_tokens,
                    seed=seed,
                    stop=stop,
                    temperature=temperature,
                    top_p=top_p,
                )

            if stream:
                return _stream_chat_completion_response_from_bytes(data)  # type: ignore[arg-type]

            return ChatCompletionOutput.parse_obj_as_instance(data)  # type: ignore[arg-type]

        # At this point, we know the server is not a chat completion server.
        # We need to render the chat template client side based on the information we can fetch from
        # the Hub API.

        model_id = None
        if model.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
            # If URL, we need to know which model is served. This is not always possible.
            # A workaround is to list the user Inference Endpoints and check if one of them correspond to the model URL.
            # If not, we raise an error.
            # TODO: fix when we have a proper API for this (at least for Inference Endpoints)
            # TODO: what if Sagemaker URL?
            # TODO: what if Azure URL?
            from ..hf_api import HfApi

            for endpoint in HfApi(token=self.token).list_inference_endpoints():
                if endpoint.url == model:
                    model_id = endpoint.repository
                    break
        else:
            model_id = model

        if model_id is None:
            # If we don't have the model ID, we can't fetch the chat template.
            # We raise an error.
            raise ValueError(
                "Request can't be processed as the model ID can't be inferred from model URL. "
                "This is needed to fetch the chat template from the Hub since the model is not "
                "served with a Chat-completion API."
            )

        # fetch chat template + tokens
        prompt = render_chat_prompt(model_id=model_id, token=self.token, messages=messages)

        # generate response
        stop_sequences = [stop] if isinstance(stop, str) else stop
        text_generation_output = self.text_generation(
            prompt=prompt,
            details=True,
            stream=stream,
            model=model,
            max_new_tokens=max_tokens,
            seed=seed,
            stop_sequences=stop_sequences,
            temperature=temperature,
            top_p=top_p,
        )

        created = int(time.time())

        if stream:
            return _stream_chat_completion_response_from_text_generation(text_generation_output)  # type: ignore [arg-type]

        if isinstance(text_generation_output, TextGenerationOutput):
            # General use case => format ChatCompletionOutput from text generation details
            content: str = text_generation_output.generated_text
            finish_reason: str = text_generation_output.details.finish_reason  # type: ignore[union-attr]
        else:
            # Corner case: if server doesn't support details (e.g. if not a TGI server), we only receive an output string.
            # In such a case, `finish_reason` is set to `"unk"`.
            content = text_generation_output  # type: ignore[assignment]
            finish_reason = "unk"

        return ChatCompletionOutput(
            created=created,
            choices=[
                ChatCompletionOutputChoice(
                    finish_reason=finish_reason,  # type: ignore
                    index=0,
                    message=ChatCompletionOutputChoiceMessage(
                        content=content,
                        role="assistant",
                    ),
                )
            ],
        )

    def conversational(
        self,
        text: str,
        generated_responses: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        past_user_inputs: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        *,
        parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> ConversationalOutput:
        """
        Generate conversational responses based on the given input text (i.e. chat with the API).

        <Tip warning={true}>

        [`InferenceClient.conversational`] API is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use
        [`InferenceClient.chat_completion`] instead.

        </Tip>

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                The last input from the user in the conversation.
            generated_responses (`List[str]`, *optional*):
                A list of strings corresponding to the earlier replies from the model. Defaults to None.
            past_user_inputs (`List[str]`, *optional*):
                A list of strings corresponding to the earlier replies from the user. Should be the same length as
                `generated_responses`. Defaults to None.
            parameters (`Dict[str, Any]`, *optional*):
                Additional parameters for the conversational task. Defaults to None. For more details about the available
                parameters, please refer to [this page](https://huggingface.co/docs/api-inference/detailed_parameters#conversational-task)
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the conversational task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended conversational model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `Dict`: The generated conversational output.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> output = client.conversational("Hi, who are you?")
        >>> output
        {'generated_text': 'I am the one who knocks.', 'conversation': {'generated_responses': ['I am the one who knocks.'], 'past_user_inputs': ['Hi, who are you?']}, 'warnings': ['Setting `pad_token_id` to `eos_token_id`:50256 for open-end generation.']}
        >>> client.conversational(
        ...     "Wow, that's scary!",
        ...     generated_responses=output["conversation"]["generated_responses"],
        ...     past_user_inputs=output["conversation"]["past_user_inputs"],
        ... )
        ```
        """
        warnings.warn(
            "'InferenceClient.conversational' is deprecated and will be removed starting from huggingface_hub>=0.25. "
            "Please use the more appropriate 'InferenceClient.chat_completion' API instead.",
            FutureWarning,
        )
        payload: Dict[str, Any] = {"inputs": {"text": text}}
        if generated_responses is not None:
            payload["inputs"]["generated_responses"] = generated_responses
        if past_user_inputs is not None:
            payload["inputs"]["past_user_inputs"] = past_user_inputs
        if parameters is not None:
            payload["parameters"] = parameters
        response = self.post(json=payload, model=model, task="conversational")
        return _bytes_to_dict(response)  # type: ignore

    def document_question_answering(
        self,
        image: ContentT,
        question: str,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[DocumentQuestionAnsweringOutputElement]:
        """
        Answer questions on document images.

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The input image for the context. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image.
            question (`str`):
                Question to be answered.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the document question answering task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended document question answering model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[DocumentQuestionAnsweringOutputElement]`: a list of [`DocumentQuestionAnsweringOutputElement`] items containing the predicted label, associated probability, word ids, and page number.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.document_question_answering(image="https://huggingface.co/spaces/impira/docquery/resolve/2359223c1837a7587402bda0f2643382a6eefeab/invoice.png", question="What is the invoice number?")
        [DocumentQuestionAnsweringOutputElement(score=0.42515629529953003, answer='us-001', start=16, end=16)]
        ```
        """
        payload: Dict[str, Any] = {"question": question, "image": _b64_encode(image)}
        response = self.post(json=payload, model=model, task="document-question-answering")
        return DocumentQuestionAnsweringOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def feature_extraction(self, text: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None) -> "np.ndarray":
        """
        Generate embeddings for a given text.

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                The text to embed.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the conversational task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended conversational model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `np.ndarray`: The embedding representing the input text as a float32 numpy array.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.feature_extraction("Hi, who are you?")
        array([[ 2.424802  ,  2.93384   ,  1.1750331 , ...,  1.240499, -0.13776633, -0.7889173 ],
        [-0.42943227, -0.6364878 , -1.693462  , ...,  0.41978157, -2.4336355 ,  0.6162071 ],
        ...,
        [ 0.28552425, -0.928395  , -1.2077185 , ...,  0.76810825, -2.1069427 ,  0.6236161 ]], dtype=float32)
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(json={"inputs": text}, model=model, task="feature-extraction")
        np = _import_numpy()
        return np.array(_bytes_to_dict(response), dtype="float32")

    def fill_mask(self, text: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None) -> List[FillMaskOutputElement]:
        """
        Fill in a hole with a missing word (token to be precise).

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                a string to be filled from, must contain the [MASK] token (check model card for exact name of the mask).
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the fill mask task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended fill mask model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[FillMaskOutputElement]`: a list of [`FillMaskOutputElement`] items containing the predicted label, associated
            probability, token reference, and completed text.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.fill_mask("The goal of life is <mask>.")
        [
            FillMaskOutputElement(score=0.06897063553333282, token=11098, token_str=' happiness', sequence='The goal of life is happiness.'),
            FillMaskOutputElement(score=0.06554922461509705, token=45075, token_str=' immortality', sequence='The goal of life is immortality.')
        ]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(json={"inputs": text}, model=model, task="fill-mask")
        return FillMaskOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def image_classification(
        self,
        image: ContentT,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[ImageClassificationOutputElement]:
        """
        Perform image classification on the given image using the specified model.

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The image to classify. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for image classification. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a
                deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended model for image classification will be used.

        Returns:
            `List[ImageClassificationOutputElement]`: a list of [`ImageClassificationOutputElement`] items containing the predicted label and associated probability.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.image_classification("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cute_dog.jpg/320px-Cute_dog.jpg")
        [ImageClassificationOutputElement(score=0.9779096841812134, label='Blenheim spaniel'), ...]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(data=image, model=model, task="image-classification")
        return ImageClassificationOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def image_segmentation(
        self,
        image: ContentT,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[ImageSegmentationOutputElement]:
        """
        Perform image segmentation on the given image using the specified model.

        <Tip warning={true}>

        You must have `PIL` installed if you want to work with images (`pip install Pillow`).

        </Tip>

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The image to segment. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for image segmentation. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a
                deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended model for image segmentation will be used.

        Returns:
            `List[ImageSegmentationOutputElement]`: A list of [`ImageSegmentationOutputElement`] items containing the segmented masks and associated attributes.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.image_segmentation("cat.jpg"):
        [ImageSegmentationOutputElement(score=0.989008, label='LABEL_184', mask=<PIL.PngImagePlugin.PngImageFile image mode=L size=400x300 at 0x7FDD2B129CC0>), ...]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(data=image, model=model, task="image-segmentation")
        output = ImageSegmentationOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)
        for item in output:
            item.mask = _b64_to_image(item.mask)
        return output

    def image_to_image(
        self,
        image: ContentT,
        prompt: Optional[str] = None,
        *,
        negative_prompt: Optional[str] = None,
        height: Optional[int] = None,
        width: Optional[int] = None,
        num_inference_steps: Optional[int] = None,
        guidance_scale: Optional[float] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> "Image":
        """
        Perform image-to-image translation using a specified model.

        <Tip warning={true}>

        You must have `PIL` installed if you want to work with images (`pip install Pillow`).

        </Tip>

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The input image for translation. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image.
            prompt (`str`, *optional*):
                The text prompt to guide the image generation.
            negative_prompt (`str`, *optional*):
                A negative prompt to guide the translation process.
            height (`int`, *optional*):
                The height in pixels of the generated image.
            width (`int`, *optional*):
                The width in pixels of the generated image.
            num_inference_steps (`int`, *optional*):
                The number of denoising steps. More denoising steps usually lead to a higher quality image at the
                expense of slower inference.
            guidance_scale (`float`, *optional*):
                Higher guidance scale encourages to generate images that are closely linked to the text `prompt`,
                usually at the expense of lower image quality.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `Image`: The translated image.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> image = client.image_to_image("cat.jpg", prompt="turn the cat into a tiger")
        >>> image.save("tiger.jpg")
        ```
        """
        parameters = {
            "prompt": prompt,
            "negative_prompt": negative_prompt,
            "height": height,
            "width": width,
            "num_inference_steps": num_inference_steps,
            "guidance_scale": guidance_scale,
            **kwargs,
        }
        if all(parameter is None for parameter in parameters.values()):
            # Either only an image to send => send as raw bytes
            data = image
            payload: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
        else:
            # Or an image + some parameters => use base64 encoding
            data = None
            payload = {"inputs": _b64_encode(image)}
            for key, value in parameters.items():
                if value is not None:
                    payload.setdefault("parameters", {})[key] = value

        response = self.post(json=payload, data=data, model=model, task="image-to-image")
        return _bytes_to_image(response)

    def image_to_text(self, image: ContentT, *, model: Optional[str] = None) -> ImageToTextOutput:
        """
        Takes an input image and return text.

        Models can have very different outputs depending on your use case (image captioning, optical character recognition
        (OCR), Pix2Struct, etc). Please have a look to the model card to learn more about a model's specificities.

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The input image to caption. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image..
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            [`ImageToTextOutput`]: The generated text.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.image_to_text("cat.jpg")
        'a cat standing in a grassy field '
        >>> client.image_to_text("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cute_dog.jpg/320px-Cute_dog.jpg")
        'a dog laying on the grass next to a flower pot '
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(data=image, model=model, task="image-to-text")
        return ImageToTextOutput.parse_obj_as_instance(response)

    def list_deployed_models(
        self, frameworks: Union[None, str, Literal["all"], List[str]] = None
    ) -> Dict[str, List[str]]:
        """
        List models currently deployed on the Inference API service.

        This helper checks deployed models framework by framework. By default, it will check the 4 main frameworks that
        are supported and account for 95% of the hosted models. However, if you want a complete list of models you can
        specify `frameworks="all"` as input. Alternatively, if you know before-hand which framework you are interested
        in, you can also restrict to search to this one (e.g. `frameworks="text-generation-inference"`). The more
        frameworks are checked, the more time it will take.

        <Tip>

        This endpoint is mostly useful for discoverability. If you already know which model you want to use and want to
        check its availability, you can directly use [`~InferenceClient.get_model_status`].

        </Tip>

        Args:
            frameworks (`Literal["all"]` or `List[str]` or `str`, *optional*):
                The frameworks to filter on. By default only a subset of the available frameworks are tested. If set to
                "all", all available frameworks will be tested. It is also possible to provide a single framework or a
                custom set of frameworks to check.

        Returns:
            `Dict[str, List[str]]`: A dictionary mapping task names to a sorted list of model IDs.

        Example:
        ```python
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()

        # Discover zero-shot-classification models currently deployed
        >>> models = client.list_deployed_models()
        >>> models["zero-shot-classification"]
        ['Narsil/deberta-large-mnli-zero-cls', 'facebook/bart-large-mnli', ...]

        # List from only 1 framework
        >>> client.list_deployed_models("text-generation-inference")
        {'text-generation': ['bigcode/starcoder', 'meta-llama/Llama-2-70b-chat-hf', ...], ...}
        ```
        """
        # Resolve which frameworks to check
        if frameworks is None:
            frameworks = MAIN_INFERENCE_API_FRAMEWORKS
        elif frameworks == "all":
            frameworks = ALL_INFERENCE_API_FRAMEWORKS
        elif isinstance(frameworks, str):
            frameworks = [frameworks]
        frameworks = list(set(frameworks))

        # Fetch them iteratively
        models_by_task: Dict[str, List[str]] = {}

        def _unpack_response(framework: str, items: List[Dict]) -> None:
            for model in items:
                if framework == "sentence-transformers":
                    # Model running with the `sentence-transformers` framework can work with both tasks even if not
                    # branded as such in the API response
                    models_by_task.setdefault("feature-extraction", []).append(model["model_id"])
                    models_by_task.setdefault("sentence-similarity", []).append(model["model_id"])
                else:
                    models_by_task.setdefault(model["task"], []).append(model["model_id"])

        for framework in frameworks:
            response = get_session().get(f"{INFERENCE_ENDPOINT}/framework/{framework}", headers=self.headers)
            hf_raise_for_status(response)
            _unpack_response(framework, response.json())

        # Sort alphabetically for discoverability and return
        for task, models in models_by_task.items():
            models_by_task[task] = sorted(set(models), key=lambda x: x.lower())
        return models_by_task

    def object_detection(
        self,
        image: ContentT,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[ObjectDetectionOutputElement]:
        """
        Perform object detection on the given image using the specified model.

        <Tip warning={true}>

        You must have `PIL` installed if you want to work with images (`pip install Pillow`).

        </Tip>

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The image to detect objects on. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for object detection. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a
                deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended model for object detection (DETR) will be used.

        Returns:
            `List[ObjectDetectionOutputElement]`: A list of [`ObjectDetectionOutputElement`] items containing the bounding boxes and associated attributes.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.
            `ValueError`:
                If the request output is not a List.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.object_detection("people.jpg"):
        [ObjectDetectionOutputElement(score=0.9486683011054993, label='person', box=ObjectDetectionBoundingBox(xmin=59, ymin=39, xmax=420, ymax=510)), ...]
        ```
        """
        # detect objects
        response = self.post(data=image, model=model, task="object-detection")
        return ObjectDetectionOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def question_answering(
        self, question: str, context: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> QuestionAnsweringOutputElement:
        """
        Retrieve the answer to a question from a given text.

        Args:
            question (`str`):
                Question to be answered.
            context (`str`):
                The context of the question.
            model (`str`):
                The model to use for the question answering task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint.

        Returns:
            [`QuestionAnsweringOutputElement`]: an question answering output containing the score, start index, end index, and answer.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.question_answering(question="What's my name?", context="My name is Clara and I live in Berkeley.")
        QuestionAnsweringOutputElement(score=0.9326562285423279, start=11, end=16, answer='Clara')
        ```
        """

        payload: Dict[str, Any] = {"question": question, "context": context}
        response = self.post(
            json=payload,
            model=model,
            task="question-answering",
        )
        return QuestionAnsweringOutputElement.parse_obj_as_instance(response)

    def sentence_similarity(
        self, sentence: str, other_sentences: List[str], *, model: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> List[float]:
        """
        Compute the semantic similarity between a sentence and a list of other sentences by comparing their embeddings.

        Args:
            sentence (`str`):
                The main sentence to compare to others.
            other_sentences (`List[str]`):
                The list of sentences to compare to.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the conversational task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended conversational model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[float]`: The embedding representing the input text.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.sentence_similarity(
        ...     "Machine learning is so easy.",
        ...     other_sentences=[
        ...         "Deep learning is so straightforward.",
        ...         "This is so difficult, like rocket science.",
        ...         "I can't believe how much I struggled with this.",
        ...     ],
        ... )
        [0.7785726189613342, 0.45876261591911316, 0.2906220555305481]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(
            json={"inputs": {"source_sentence": sentence, "sentences": other_sentences}},
            model=model,
            task="sentence-similarity",
        )
        return _bytes_to_list(response)

    def summarization(
        self,
        text: str,
        *,
        parameters: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> SummarizationOutput:
        """
        Generate a summary of a given text using a specified model.

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                The input text to summarize.
            parameters (`Dict[str, Any]`, *optional*):
                Additional parameters for summarization. Check out this [page](https://huggingface.co/docs/api-inference/detailed_parameters#summarization-task)
                for more details.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            [`SummarizationOutput`]: The generated summary text.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.summarization("The Eiffel tower...")
        SummarizationOutput(generated_text="The Eiffel tower is one of the most famous landmarks in the world....")
        ```
        """
        payload: Dict[str, Any] = {"inputs": text}
        if parameters is not None:
            payload["parameters"] = parameters
        response = self.post(json=payload, model=model, task="summarization")
        return SummarizationOutput.parse_obj_as_list(response)[0]

    def table_question_answering(
        self, table: Dict[str, Any], query: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> TableQuestionAnsweringOutputElement:
        """
        Retrieve the answer to a question from information given in a table.

        Args:
            table (`str`):
                A table of data represented as a dict of lists where entries are headers and the lists are all the
                values, all lists must have the same size.
            query (`str`):
                The query in plain text that you want to ask the table.
            model (`str`):
                The model to use for the table-question-answering task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face
                Hub or a URL to a deployed Inference Endpoint.

        Returns:
            [`TableQuestionAnsweringOutputElement`]: a table question answering output containing the answer, coordinates, cells and the aggregator used.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> query = "How many stars does the transformers repository have?"
        >>> table = {"Repository": ["Transformers", "Datasets", "Tokenizers"], "Stars": ["36542", "4512", "3934"]}
        >>> client.table_question_answering(table, query, model="google/tapas-base-finetuned-wtq")
        TableQuestionAnsweringOutputElement(answer='36542', coordinates=[[0, 1]], cells=['36542'], aggregator='AVERAGE')
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(
            json={
                "query": query,
                "table": table,
            },
            model=model,
            task="table-question-answering",
        )
        return TableQuestionAnsweringOutputElement.parse_obj_as_instance(response)

    def tabular_classification(self, table: Dict[str, Any], *, model: Optional[str] = None) -> List[str]:
        """
        Classifying a target category (a group) based on a set of attributes.

        Args:
            table (`Dict[str, Any]`):
                Set of attributes to classify.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the tabular classification task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended tabular classification model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List`: a list of labels, one per row in the initial table.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> table = {
        ...     "fixed_acidity": ["7.4", "7.8", "10.3"],
        ...     "volatile_acidity": ["0.7", "0.88", "0.32"],
        ...     "citric_acid": ["0", "0", "0.45"],
        ...     "residual_sugar": ["1.9", "2.6", "6.4"],
        ...     "chlorides": ["0.076", "0.098", "0.073"],
        ...     "free_sulfur_dioxide": ["11", "25", "5"],
        ...     "total_sulfur_dioxide": ["34", "67", "13"],
        ...     "density": ["0.9978", "0.9968", "0.9976"],
        ...     "pH": ["3.51", "3.2", "3.23"],
        ...     "sulphates": ["0.56", "0.68", "0.82"],
        ...     "alcohol": ["9.4", "9.8", "12.6"],
        ... }
        >>> client.tabular_classification(table=table, model="julien-c/wine-quality")
        ["5", "5", "5"]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(json={"table": table}, model=model, task="tabular-classification")
        return _bytes_to_list(response)

    def tabular_regression(self, table: Dict[str, Any], *, model: Optional[str] = None) -> List[float]:
        """
        Predicting a numerical target value given a set of attributes/features in a table.

        Args:
            table (`Dict[str, Any]`):
                Set of attributes stored in a table. The attributes used to predict the target can be both numerical and categorical.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the tabular regression task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended tabular regression model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List`: a list of predicted numerical target values.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> table = {
        ...     "Height": ["11.52", "12.48", "12.3778"],
        ...     "Length1": ["23.2", "24", "23.9"],
        ...     "Length2": ["25.4", "26.3", "26.5"],
        ...     "Length3": ["30", "31.2", "31.1"],
        ...     "Species": ["Bream", "Bream", "Bream"],
        ...     "Width": ["4.02", "4.3056", "4.6961"],
        ... }
        >>> client.tabular_regression(table, model="scikit-learn/Fish-Weight")
        [110, 120, 130]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(json={"table": table}, model=model, task="tabular-regression")
        return _bytes_to_list(response)

    def text_classification(self, text: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None) -> List[TextClassificationOutputElement]:
        """
        Perform text classification (e.g. sentiment-analysis) on the given text.

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                A string to be classified.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the text classification task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended text classification model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[TextClassificationOutputElement]`: a list of [`TextClassificationOutputElement`] items containing the predicted label and associated probability.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.text_classification("I like you")
        [
            TextClassificationOutputElement(label='POSITIVE', score=0.9998695850372314),
            TextClassificationOutputElement(label='NEGATIVE', score=0.0001304351753788069),
        ]
        ```
        """
        response = self.post(json={"inputs": text}, model=model, task="text-classification")
        return TextClassificationOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)[0]  # type: ignore [return-value]

    @overload
    def text_generation(  # type: ignore
        self,
        prompt: str,
        *,
        details: Literal[False] = ...,
        stream: Literal[False] = ...,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        do_sample: bool = False,
        max_new_tokens: int = 20,
        best_of: Optional[int] = None,
        repetition_penalty: Optional[float] = None,
        return_full_text: bool = False,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop_sequences: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        temperature: Optional[float] = None,
        top_k: Optional[int] = None,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
        truncate: Optional[int] = None,
        typical_p: Optional[float] = None,
        watermark: bool = False,
    ) -> str: ...

    @overload
    def text_generation(  # type: ignore
        self,
        prompt: str,
        *,
        details: Literal[True] = ...,
        stream: Literal[False] = ...,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        do_sample: bool = False,
        max_new_tokens: int = 20,
        best_of: Optional[int] = None,
        repetition_penalty: Optional[float] = None,
        return_full_text: bool = False,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop_sequences: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        temperature: Optional[float] = None,
        top_k: Optional[int] = None,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
        truncate: Optional[int] = None,
        typical_p: Optional[float] = None,
        watermark: bool = False,
    ) -> TextGenerationOutput: ...

    @overload
    def text_generation(  # type: ignore
        self,
        prompt: str,
        *,
        details: Literal[False] = ...,
        stream: Literal[True] = ...,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        do_sample: bool = False,
        max_new_tokens: int = 20,
        best_of: Optional[int] = None,
        repetition_penalty: Optional[float] = None,
        return_full_text: bool = False,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop_sequences: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        temperature: Optional[float] = None,
        top_k: Optional[int] = None,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
        truncate: Optional[int] = None,
        typical_p: Optional[float] = None,
        watermark: bool = False,
    ) -> Iterable[str]: ...

    @overload
    def text_generation(  # type: ignore
        self,
        prompt: str,
        *,
        details: Literal[True] = ...,
        stream: Literal[True] = ...,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        do_sample: bool = False,
        max_new_tokens: int = 20,
        best_of: Optional[int] = None,
        repetition_penalty: Optional[float] = None,
        return_full_text: bool = False,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop_sequences: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        temperature: Optional[float] = None,
        top_k: Optional[int] = None,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
        truncate: Optional[int] = None,
        typical_p: Optional[float] = None,
        watermark: bool = False,
    ) -> Iterable[TextGenerationStreamOutput]: ...

    @overload
    def text_generation(
        self,
        prompt: str,
        *,
        details: Literal[True] = ...,
        stream: bool = ...,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        do_sample: bool = False,
        max_new_tokens: int = 20,
        best_of: Optional[int] = None,
        repetition_penalty: Optional[float] = None,
        return_full_text: bool = False,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop_sequences: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        temperature: Optional[float] = None,
        top_k: Optional[int] = None,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
        truncate: Optional[int] = None,
        typical_p: Optional[float] = None,
        watermark: bool = False,
    ) -> Union[TextGenerationOutput, Iterable[TextGenerationStreamOutput]]: ...

    def text_generation(
        self,
        prompt: str,
        *,
        details: bool = False,
        stream: bool = False,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        do_sample: bool = False,
        max_new_tokens: int = 20,
        best_of: Optional[int] = None,
        repetition_penalty: Optional[float] = None,
        return_full_text: bool = False,
        seed: Optional[int] = None,
        stop_sequences: Optional[List[str]] = None,
        temperature: Optional[float] = None,
        top_k: Optional[int] = None,
        top_p: Optional[float] = None,
        truncate: Optional[int] = None,
        typical_p: Optional[float] = None,
        watermark: bool = False,
        decoder_input_details: bool = False,
    ) -> Union[str, TextGenerationOutput, Iterable[str], Iterable[TextGenerationStreamOutput]]:
        """
        Given a prompt, generate the following text.

        API endpoint is supposed to run with the `text-generation-inference` backend (TGI). This backend is the
        go-to solution to run large language models at scale. However, for some smaller models (e.g. "gpt2") the
        default `transformers` + `api-inference` solution is still in use. Both approaches have very similar APIs, but
        not exactly the same. This method is compatible with both approaches but some parameters are only available for
        `text-generation-inference`. If some parameters are ignored, a warning message is triggered but the process
        continues correctly.

        To learn more about the TGI project, please refer to https://github.com/huggingface/text-generation-inference.

        Args:
            prompt (`str`):
                Input text.
            details (`bool`, *optional*):
                By default, text_generation returns a string. Pass `details=True` if you want a detailed output (tokens,
                probabilities, seed, finish reason, etc.). Only available for models running on with the
                `text-generation-inference` backend.
            stream (`bool`, *optional*):
                By default, text_generation returns the full generated text. Pass `stream=True` if you want a stream of
                tokens to be returned. Only available for models running on with the `text-generation-inference`
                backend.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.
            do_sample (`bool`):
                Activate logits sampling
            max_new_tokens (`int`):
                Maximum number of generated tokens
            best_of (`int`):
                Generate best_of sequences and return the one if the highest token logprobs
            repetition_penalty (`float`):
                The parameter for repetition penalty. 1.0 means no penalty. See [this
                paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1909.05858.pdf) for more details.
            return_full_text (`bool`):
                Whether to prepend the prompt to the generated text
            seed (`int`):
                Random sampling seed
            stop_sequences (`List[str]`):
                Stop generating tokens if a member of `stop_sequences` is generated
            temperature (`float`):
                The value used to module the logits distribution.
            top_k (`int`):
                The number of highest probability vocabulary tokens to keep for top-k-filtering.
            top_p (`float`):
                If set to < 1, only the smallest set of most probable tokens with probabilities that add up to `top_p` or
                higher are kept for generation.
            truncate (`int`):
                Truncate inputs tokens to the given size
            typical_p (`float`):
                Typical Decoding mass
                See [Typical Decoding for Natural Language Generation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.00666) for more information
            watermark (`bool`):
                Watermarking with [A Watermark for Large Language Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.10226)
            decoder_input_details (`bool`):
                Return the decoder input token logprobs and ids. You must set `details=True` as well for it to be taken
                into account. Defaults to `False`.

        Returns:
            `Union[str, TextGenerationOutput, Iterable[str], Iterable[TextGenerationStreamOutput]]`:
            Generated text returned from the server:
            - if `stream=False` and `details=False`, the generated text is returned as a `str` (default)
            - if `stream=True` and `details=False`, the generated text is returned token by token as a `Iterable[str]`
            - if `stream=False` and `details=True`, the generated text is returned with more details as a [`~huggingface_hub.TextGenerationOutput`]
            - if `details=True` and `stream=True`, the generated text is returned token by token as a iterable of [`~huggingface_hub.TextGenerationStreamOutput`]

        Raises:
            `ValidationError`:
                If input values are not valid. No HTTP call is made to the server.
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()

        # Case 1: generate text
        >>> client.text_generation("The huggingface_hub library is ", max_new_tokens=12)
        '100% open source and built to be easy to use.'

        # Case 2: iterate over the generated tokens. Useful for large generation.
        >>> for token in client.text_generation("The huggingface_hub library is ", max_new_tokens=12, stream=True):
        ...     print(token)
        100
        %
        open
        source
        and
        built
        to
        be
        easy
        to
        use
        .

        # Case 3: get more details about the generation process.
        >>> client.text_generation("The huggingface_hub library is ", max_new_tokens=12, details=True)
        TextGenerationOutput(
            generated_text='100% open source and built to be easy to use.',
            details=TextGenerationDetails(
                finish_reason='length',
                generated_tokens=12,
                seed=None,
                prefill=[
                    TextGenerationPrefillToken(id=487, text='The', logprob=None),
                    TextGenerationPrefillToken(id=53789, text=' hugging', logprob=-13.171875),
                    (...)
                    TextGenerationPrefillToken(id=204, text=' ', logprob=-7.0390625)
                ],
                tokens=[
                    TokenElement(id=1425, text='100', logprob=-1.0175781, special=False),
                    TokenElement(id=16, text='%', logprob=-0.0463562, special=False),
                    (...)
                    TokenElement(id=25, text='.', logprob=-0.5703125, special=False)
                ],
                best_of_sequences=None
            )
        )

        # Case 4: iterate over the generated tokens with more details.
        # Last object is more complete, containing the full generated text and the finish reason.
        >>> for details in client.text_generation("The huggingface_hub library is ", max_new_tokens=12, details=True, stream=True):
        ...     print(details)
        ...
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=1425, text='100', logprob=-1.0175781, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=16, text='%', logprob=-0.0463562, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=1314, text=' open', logprob=-1.3359375, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=3178, text=' source', logprob=-0.28100586, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=273, text=' and', logprob=-0.5961914, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=3426, text=' built', logprob=-1.9423828, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=271, text=' to', logprob=-1.4121094, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=314, text=' be', logprob=-1.5224609, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=1833, text=' easy', logprob=-2.1132812, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=271, text=' to', logprob=-0.08520508, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(id=745, text=' use', logprob=-0.39453125, special=False), generated_text=None, details=None)
        TextGenerationStreamOutput(token=TokenElement(
            id=25,
            text='.',
            logprob=-0.5703125,
            special=False),
            generated_text='100% open source and built to be easy to use.',
            details=TextGenerationStreamDetails(finish_reason='length', generated_tokens=12, seed=None)
        )
        ```
        """
        if decoder_input_details and not details:
            warnings.warn(
                "`decoder_input_details=True` has been passed to the server but `details=False` is set meaning that"
                " the output from the server will be truncated."
            )
            decoder_input_details = False

        # Build payload
        payload = {
            "inputs": prompt,
            "parameters": {
                "best_of": best_of,
                "decoder_input_details": decoder_input_details,
                "details": details,
                "do_sample": do_sample,
                "max_new_tokens": max_new_tokens,
                "repetition_penalty": repetition_penalty,
                "return_full_text": return_full_text,
                "seed": seed,
                "stop": stop_sequences if stop_sequences is not None else [],
                "temperature": temperature,
                "top_k": top_k,
                "top_p": top_p,
                "truncate": truncate,
                "typical_p": typical_p,
                "watermark": watermark,
            },
            "stream": stream,
        }

        # Remove some parameters if not a TGI server
        if not _is_tgi_server(model):
            parameters: Dict = payload["parameters"]  # type: ignore [assignment]

            ignored_parameters = []
            for key in "watermark", "details", "decoder_input_details", "best_of", "stop", "return_full_text":
                if parameters[key] is not None:
                    ignored_parameters.append(key)
                del parameters[key]
            if len(ignored_parameters) > 0:
                warnings.warn(
                    "API endpoint/model for text-generation is not served via TGI. Ignoring parameters"
                    f" {ignored_parameters}.",
                    UserWarning,
                )
            if details:
                warnings.warn(
                    "API endpoint/model for text-generation is not served via TGI. Parameter `details=True` will"
                    " be ignored meaning only the generated text will be returned.",
                    UserWarning,
                )
                details = False
            if stream:
                raise ValueError(
                    "API endpoint/model for text-generation is not served via TGI. Cannot return output as a stream."
                    " Please pass `stream=False` as input."
                )

        # Handle errors separately for more precise error messages
        try:
            bytes_output = self.post(json=payload, model=model, task="text-generation", stream=stream)  # type: ignore
        except HTTPError as e:
            if isinstance(e, BadRequestError) and "The following `model_kwargs` are not used by the model" in str(e):
                _set_as_non_tgi(model)
                return self.text_generation(  # type: ignore
                    prompt=prompt,
                    details=details,
                    stream=stream,
                    model=model,
                    do_sample=do_sample,
                    max_new_tokens=max_new_tokens,
                    best_of=best_of,
                    repetition_penalty=repetition_penalty,
                    return_full_text=return_full_text,
                    seed=seed,
                    stop_sequences=stop_sequences,
                    temperature=temperature,
                    top_k=top_k,
                    top_p=top_p,
                    truncate=truncate,
                    typical_p=typical_p,
                    watermark=watermark,
                    decoder_input_details=decoder_input_details,
                )
            raise_text_generation_error(e)

        # Parse output
        if stream:
            return _stream_text_generation_response(bytes_output, details)  # type: ignore

        data = _bytes_to_dict(bytes_output)[0]  # type: ignore[arg-type]
        return TextGenerationOutput.parse_obj_as_instance(data) if details else data["generated_text"]

    def text_to_image(
        self,
        prompt: str,
        *,
        negative_prompt: Optional[str] = None,
        height: Optional[float] = None,
        width: Optional[float] = None,
        num_inference_steps: Optional[float] = None,
        guidance_scale: Optional[float] = None,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> "Image":
        """
        Generate an image based on a given text using a specified model.

        <Tip warning={true}>

        You must have `PIL` installed if you want to work with images (`pip install Pillow`).

        </Tip>

        Args:
            prompt (`str`):
                The prompt to generate an image from.
            negative_prompt (`str`, *optional*):
                An optional negative prompt for the image generation.
            height (`float`, *optional*):
                The height in pixels of the image to generate.
            width (`float`, *optional*):
                The width in pixels of the image to generate.
            num_inference_steps (`int`, *optional*):
                The number of denoising steps. More denoising steps usually lead to a higher quality image at the
                expense of slower inference.
            guidance_scale (`float`, *optional*):
                Higher guidance scale encourages to generate images that are closely linked to the text `prompt`,
                usually at the expense of lower image quality.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `Image`: The generated image.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()

        >>> image = client.text_to_image("An astronaut riding a horse on the moon.")
        >>> image.save("astronaut.png")

        >>> image = client.text_to_image(
        ...     "An astronaut riding a horse on the moon.",
        ...     negative_prompt="low resolution, blurry",
        ...     model="stabilityai/stable-diffusion-2-1",
        ... )
        >>> image.save("better_astronaut.png")
        ```
        """
        payload = {"inputs": prompt}
        parameters = {
            "negative_prompt": negative_prompt,
            "height": height,
            "width": width,
            "num_inference_steps": num_inference_steps,
            "guidance_scale": guidance_scale,
            **kwargs,
        }
        for key, value in parameters.items():
            if value is not None:
                payload.setdefault("parameters", {})[key] = value  # type: ignore
        response = self.post(json=payload, model=model, task="text-to-image")
        return _bytes_to_image(response)

    def text_to_speech(self, text: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None) -> bytes:
        """
        Synthesize an audio of a voice pronouncing a given text.

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                The text to synthesize.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `bytes`: The generated audio.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from pathlib import Path
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()

        >>> audio = client.text_to_speech("Hello world")
        >>> Path("hello_world.flac").write_bytes(audio)
        ```
        """
        return self.post(json={"inputs": text}, model=model, task="text-to-speech")

    def token_classification(
        self, text: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> List[TokenClassificationOutputElement]:
        """
        Perform token classification on the given text.
        Usually used for sentence parsing, either grammatical, or Named Entity Recognition (NER) to understand keywords contained within text.

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                A string to be classified.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the token classification task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended token classification model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[TokenClassificationOutputElement]`: List of [`TokenClassificationOutputElement`] items containing the entity group, confidence score, word, start and end index.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.token_classification("My name is Sarah Jessica Parker but you can call me Jessica")
        [
            TokenClassificationOutputElement(
                entity_group='PER',
                score=0.9971321225166321,
                word='Sarah Jessica Parker',
                start=11,
                end=31,
            ),
            TokenClassificationOutputElement(
                entity_group='PER',
                score=0.9773476123809814,
                word='Jessica',
                start=52,
                end=59,
            )
        ]
        ```
        """
        payload: Dict[str, Any] = {"inputs": text}
        response = self.post(
            json=payload,
            model=model,
            task="token-classification",
        )
        return TokenClassificationOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def translation(
        self, text: str, *, model: Optional[str] = None, src_lang: Optional[str] = None, tgt_lang: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> TranslationOutput:
        """
        Convert text from one language to another.

        Check out https://huggingface.co/tasks/translation for more information on how to choose the best model for
        your specific use case. Source and target languages usually depend on the model.
        However, it is possible to specify source and target languages for certain models. If you are working with one of these models,
        you can use `src_lang` and `tgt_lang` arguments to pass the relevant information.
        You can find this information in the model card.

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                A string to be translated.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the translation task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended translation model will be used.
                Defaults to None.
            src_lang (`str`, *optional*):
                Source language of the translation task, i.e. input language. Cannot be passed without `tgt_lang`.
            tgt_lang (`str`, *optional*):
                Target language of the translation task, i.e. output language. Cannot be passed without `src_lang`.

        Returns:
            [`TranslationOutput`]: The generated translated text.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.
            `ValueError`:
                If only one of the `src_lang` and `tgt_lang` arguments are provided.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.translation("My name is Wolfgang and I live in Berlin")
        'Mein Name ist Wolfgang und ich lebe in Berlin.'
        >>> client.translation("My name is Wolfgang and I live in Berlin", model="Helsinki-NLP/opus-mt-en-fr")
        TranslationOutput(translation_text='Je m\'appelle Wolfgang et je vis à Berlin.')
        ```

        Specifying languages:
        ```py
        >>> client.translation("My name is Sarah Jessica Parker but you can call me Jessica", model="facebook/mbart-large-50-many-to-many-mmt", src_lang="en_XX", tgt_lang="fr_XX")
        "Mon nom est Sarah Jessica Parker mais vous pouvez m\'appeler Jessica"
        ```
        """
        # Throw error if only one of `src_lang` and `tgt_lang` was given
        if src_lang is not None and tgt_lang is None:
            raise ValueError("You cannot specify `src_lang` without specifying `tgt_lang`.")

        if src_lang is None and tgt_lang is not None:
            raise ValueError("You cannot specify `tgt_lang` without specifying `src_lang`.")

        # If both `src_lang` and `tgt_lang` are given, pass them to the request body
        payload: Dict = {"inputs": text}
        if src_lang and tgt_lang:
            payload["parameters"] = {"src_lang": src_lang, "tgt_lang": tgt_lang}
        response = self.post(json=payload, model=model, task="translation")
        return TranslationOutput.parse_obj_as_list(response)[0]

    def visual_question_answering(
        self,
        image: ContentT,
        question: str,
        *,
        model: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> List[VisualQuestionAnsweringOutputElement]:
        """
        Answering open-ended questions based on an image.

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The input image for the context. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image.
            question (`str`):
                Question to be answered.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for the visual question answering task. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to
                a deployed Inference Endpoint. If not provided, the default recommended visual question answering model will be used.
                Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[VisualQuestionAnsweringOutputElement]`: a list of [`VisualQuestionAnsweringOutputElement`] items containing the predicted label and associated probability.

        Raises:
            `InferenceTimeoutError`:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.visual_question_answering(
        ...     image="https://huggingface.co/datasets/mishig/sample_images/resolve/main/tiger.jpg",
        ...     question="What is the animal doing?"
        ... )
        [
            VisualQuestionAnsweringOutputElement(score=0.778609573841095, answer='laying down'),
            VisualQuestionAnsweringOutputElement(score=0.6957435607910156, answer='sitting'),
        ]
        ```
        """
        payload: Dict[str, Any] = {"question": question, "image": _b64_encode(image)}
        response = self.post(json=payload, model=model, task="visual-question-answering")
        return VisualQuestionAnsweringOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def zero_shot_classification(
        self, text: str, labels: List[str], *, multi_label: bool = False, model: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> List[ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement]:
        """
        Provide as input a text and a set of candidate labels to classify the input text.

        Args:
            text (`str`):
                The input text to classify.
            labels (`List[str]`):
                List of string possible labels. There must be at least 2 labels.
            multi_label (`bool`):
                Boolean that is set to True if classes can overlap.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement]`: List of [`ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement`] items containing the predicted labels and their confidence.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> text = (
        ...     "A new model offers an explanation for how the Galilean satellites formed around the solar system's"
        ...     "largest world. Konstantin Batygin did not set out to solve one of the solar system's most puzzling"
        ...     " mysteries when he went for a run up a hill in Nice, France."
        ... )
        >>> labels = ["space & cosmos", "scientific discovery", "microbiology", "robots", "archeology"]
        >>> client.zero_shot_classification(text, labels)
        [
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='scientific discovery', score=0.7961668968200684),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='space & cosmos', score=0.18570658564567566),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='microbiology', score=0.00730885099619627),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='archeology', score=0.006258360575884581),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='robots', score=0.004559356719255447),
        ]
        >>> client.zero_shot_classification(text, labels, multi_label=True)
        [
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='scientific discovery', score=0.9829297661781311),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='space & cosmos', score=0.755190908908844),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='microbiology', score=0.0005462635890580714),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='archeology', score=0.00047131875180639327),
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement(label='robots', score=0.00030448526376858354),
        ]
        ```
        """
        # Raise ValueError if input is less than 2 labels
        if len(labels) < 2:
            raise ValueError("You must specify at least 2 classes to compare.")

        response = self.post(
            json={
                "inputs": text,
                "parameters": {
                    "candidate_labels": ",".join(labels),
                    "multi_label": multi_label,
                },
            },
            model=model,
            task="zero-shot-classification",
        )
        output = _bytes_to_dict(response)
        return [
            ZeroShotClassificationOutputElement.parse_obj_as_instance({"label": label, "score": score})
            for label, score in zip(output["labels"], output["scores"])
        ]

    def zero_shot_image_classification(
        self, image: ContentT, labels: List[str], *, model: Optional[str] = None
    ) -> List[ZeroShotImageClassificationOutputElement]:
        """
        Provide input image and text labels to predict text labels for the image.

        Args:
            image (`Union[str, Path, bytes, BinaryIO]`):
                The input image to caption. It can be raw bytes, an image file, or a URL to an online image.
            labels (`List[str]`):
                List of string possible labels. There must be at least 2 labels.
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                The model to use for inference. Can be a model ID hosted on the Hugging Face Hub or a URL to a deployed
                Inference Endpoint. This parameter overrides the model defined at the instance level. Defaults to None.

        Returns:
            `List[ZeroShotImageClassificationOutputElement]`: List of [`ZeroShotImageClassificationOutputElement`] items containing the predicted labels and their confidence.

        Raises:
            [`InferenceTimeoutError`]:
                If the model is unavailable or the request times out.
            `HTTPError`:
                If the request fails with an HTTP error status code other than HTTP 503.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()

        >>> client.zero_shot_image_classification(
        ...     "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Cute_dog.jpg/320px-Cute_dog.jpg",
        ...     labels=["dog", "cat", "horse"],
        ... )
        [ZeroShotImageClassificationOutputElement(label='dog', score=0.956),...]
        ```
        """
        # Raise ValueError if input is less than 2 labels
        if len(labels) < 2:
            raise ValueError("You must specify at least 2 classes to compare.")

        response = self.post(
            json={"image": _b64_encode(image), "parameters": {"candidate_labels": ",".join(labels)}},
            model=model,
            task="zero-shot-image-classification",
        )
        return ZeroShotImageClassificationOutputElement.parse_obj_as_list(response)

    def _resolve_url(self, model: Optional[str] = None, task: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
        model = model or self.model

        # If model is already a URL, ignore `task` and return directly
        if model is not None and (model.startswith("http://") or model.startswith("https://")):
            return model

        # # If no model but task is set => fetch the recommended one for this task
        if model is None:
            if task is None:
                raise ValueError(
                    "You must specify at least a model (repo_id or URL) or a task, either when instantiating"
                    " `InferenceClient` or when making a request."
                )
            model = self.get_recommended_model(task)
            logger.info(
                f"Using recommended model {model} for task {task}. Note that it is"
                f" encouraged to explicitly set `model='{model}'` as the recommended"
                " models list might get updated without prior notice."
            )

        # Compute InferenceAPI url
        return (
            # Feature-extraction and sentence-similarity are the only cases where we handle models with several tasks.
            f"{INFERENCE_ENDPOINT}/pipeline/{task}/{model}"
            if task in ("feature-extraction", "sentence-similarity")
            # Otherwise, we use the default endpoint
            else f"{INFERENCE_ENDPOINT}/models/{model}"
        )

    @staticmethod
    def get_recommended_model(task: str) -> str:
        """
        Get the model Hugging Face recommends for the input task.

        Args:
            task (`str`):
                The Hugging Face task to get which model Hugging Face recommends.
                All available tasks can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/tasks).

        Returns:
            `str`: Name of the model recommended for the input task.

        Raises:
            `ValueError`: If Hugging Face has no recommendation for the input task.
        """
        model = _fetch_recommended_models().get(task)
        if model is None:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Task {task} has no recommended model. Please specify a model"
                " explicitly. Visit https://huggingface.co/tasks for more info."
            )
        return model

    def get_model_status(self, model: Optional[str] = None) -> ModelStatus:
        """
        Get the status of a model hosted on the Inference API.

        <Tip>

        This endpoint is mostly useful when you already know which model you want to use and want to check its
        availability. If you want to discover already deployed models, you should rather use [`~InferenceClient.list_deployed_models`].

        </Tip>

        Args:
            model (`str`, *optional*):
                Identifier of the model for witch the status gonna be checked. If model is not provided,
                the model associated with this instance of [`InferenceClient`] will be used. Only InferenceAPI service can be checked so the
                identifier cannot be a URL.


        Returns:
            [`ModelStatus`]: An instance of ModelStatus dataclass, containing information,
                         about the state of the model: load, state, compute type and framework.

        Example:
        ```py
        >>> from huggingface_hub import InferenceClient
        >>> client = InferenceClient()
        >>> client.get_model_status("bigcode/starcoder")
        ModelStatus(loaded=True, state='Loaded', compute_type='gpu', framework='text-generation-inference')
        ```
        """
        model = model or self.model
        if model is None:
            raise ValueError("Model id not provided.")
        if model.startswith("https://"):
            raise NotImplementedError("Model status is only available for Inference API endpoints.")
        url = f"{INFERENCE_ENDPOINT}/status/{model}"

        response = get_session().get(url, headers=self.headers)
        hf_raise_for_status(response)
        response_data = response.json()

        if "error" in response_data:
            raise ValueError(response_data["error"])

        return ModelStatus(
            loaded=response_data["loaded"],
            state=response_data["state"],
            compute_type=response_data["compute_type"],
            framework=response_data["framework"],
        )