Update Docker base image to Ubuntu 24.04

[fab-10]

PR description

Fixed Issue(s)

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• Considered documentation and added the doc-change-required label to this PR if updates are required.
• Considered the changelog and included an update if required.
• For database changes (e.g. KeyValueSegmentIdentifier) considered compatibility and performed forwards and backwards compatibility tests

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• unit tests: ./gradlew build
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• integration tests: ./gradlew integrationTest
• reference tests: ./gradlew ethereum:referenceTests:referenceTests