add monitor design pattern (#1640)

* add monitor design pattern .

* add extra line and change compiler version to 11 in pom.xml.

* encapsulate getBalance method .

* update puml file .

* export uml as png .

* duplicate codes eliminated .

* update tag

* change the format of pom.xml

* using logger to print

* change AtomicRefrence to type inference var

* explanations added !

* Update monitor/README.md

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update monitor/README.md

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update monitor/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/monitor/Main.java

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update monitor/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/monitor/Main.java

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update monitor/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/monitor/Main.java

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

* Update monitor/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/monitor/Main.java

Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>

* e.printStackTrace have changed to logger to prints standard output (STD OUT) .

* add programmatic example .

* Delete mvnw

* mvnw.cmd deleted .

* added mvnw from master

* AddUnitTest

* Add language to readme.md

Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <subhrodipmohanta@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Ilkka Seppälä <iluwatar@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <subhromo@cisco.com>
Co-authored-by: Subhrodip Mohanta <contact@subho.xyz>

monitor/README.md

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+---
+layout: pattern
+title: Monitor
+folder: monitor
+permalink: /patterns/monitor/
+categories: Concurrency
+language: en
+tags:
+ - Performance
+---
+
+## Intent
+Monitor pattern is used to create thread-safe objects and prevent conflicts between threads in concurrent applications.
+
+## Explanation
+
+In plain words
+
+> Monitor pattern is used to enforce single-threaded access to data. Only one thread at a time is allowed to execute code within the monitor object.
+
+Wikipedia says
+
+> In concurrent programming (also known as parallel programming), a monitor is a synchronization construct that allows threads to have both mutual exclusion and the ability to wait (block) for a certain condition to become false. Monitors also have a mechanism for signaling other threads that their condition has been met.
+
+**Programmatic Examples**
+
+Consider there is a bank that transfers money from an account to another account with transfer method . it is `synchronized` mean just one thread can access to this method because if many threads access to it and transfer money from an account to another account in same time balance changed !   
+
+```
+class Bank {
+
+     private int[] accounts;
+     Logger logger;
+ 
+     public Bank(int accountNum, int baseAmount, Logger logger) {
+         this.logger = logger;
+         accounts = new int[accountNum];
+         Arrays.fill(accounts, baseAmount);
+     }
+ 
+     public synchronized void transfer(int accountA, int accountB, int amount) {
+         if (accounts[accountA] >= amount) {
+             accounts[accountB] += amount;
+             accounts[accountA] -= amount;
+             logger.info("Transferred from account :" + accountA + " to account :" + accountB + " , amount :" + amount + " . balance :" + getBalance());
+         }
+     }
+```
+
+getBalance always return total amount and the total amount should be same after each transfers 
+
+```
+     private synchronized int getBalance() {
+         int balance = 0;
+         for (int account : accounts) {
+             balance += account;
+         }
+         return balance;
+     }
+ }
+```
+
+## Class diagram
+![alt text](./etc/monitor.urm.png "Monitor class diagram")
+
+## Applicability
+Use the Monitor pattern when
+
+* we have a shared resource and there is critical section .
+* you want to create thread-safe objects .
+* you want to achieve mutual exclusion in high level programming language .

monitor/etc/monitor.urm.puml

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+@startuml
+Main - Bank : use
+class Main{
+    + main(args : String[]) : void
+}
+class Bank{
+    - accounts : int[]
+    + Bank (accountNum : int , baseAccount : int)
+    + transfer(accountA : int , accountB : int , amount : int) : void {synchronized}
+    - getBalance() : void {synchronized}
+}
+@enduml

monitor/pom.xml

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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+    The MIT License
+    Copyright © 2014-2021 Ilkka Seppälä
+    Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+    of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+    in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+    to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+    copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+    furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+    The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+    all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+    THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+    IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+    FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+    AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+    LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+    OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+    THE SOFTWARE.
+-->
+<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
+         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
+         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
+    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
+    <parent>
+        <artifactId>java-design-patterns</artifactId>
+        <groupId>com.iluwatar</groupId>
+        <version>1.24.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
+    </parent>
+    <artifactId>monitor</artifactId>
+    <dependencies>
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
+            <artifactId>junit-jupiter-engine</artifactId>
+            <scope>test</scope>
+        </dependency>
+    </dependencies>
+    <build>
+        <plugins>
+            <!-- Maven assembly plugin is invoked with default setting which we have
+                in parent pom and specifying the class having main method -->
+            <plugin>
+                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
+                <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
+                <executions>
+                    <execution>
+                        <configuration>
+                            <archive>
+                                <manifest>
+                                    <mainClass>com.iluwatar.abstractdocument.Main</mainClass>
+                                </manifest>
+                            </archive>
+                        </configuration>
+                    </execution>
+                </executions>
+            </plugin>
+        </plugins>
+    </build>
+</project>

monitor/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/monitor/Bank.java

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+package com.iluwatar.monitor;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+// Bank class implements the Monitor pattern
+public class Bank {
+
+    private int[] accounts;
+    Logger logger;
+
+    public Bank(int accountNum, int baseAmount, Logger logger) {
+        this.logger = logger;
+        accounts = new int[accountNum];
+        Arrays.fill(accounts, baseAmount);
+    }
+
+    public synchronized void transfer(int accountA, int accountB, int amount) {
+        if (accounts[accountA] >= amount) {
+            accounts[accountB] += amount;
+            accounts[accountA] -= amount;
+            logger.info("Transferred from account :" + accountA + " to account :" + accountB + " , amount :" + amount + " . balance :" + getBalance());
+        }
+    }
+
+    public synchronized int getBalance() {
+        int balance = 0;
+        for (int account : accounts) {
+            balance += account;
+        }
+        return balance;
+    }
+
+    public int[] getAccounts() {
+        return accounts;
+    }
+}

monitor/src/main/java/com/iluwatar/monitor/Main.java

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+/*
+ * The MIT License
+ * Copyright © 2014-2021 Ilkka Seppälä
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+ * THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+package com.iluwatar.monitor;
+
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+/**
+ * <p>The Monitor pattern is used in concurrent algorithms to achieve mutual exclusion.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Bank is a simple class that transfers money from an account to another account using
+ * {@link Bank#transfer}. It can also return the balance of the bank account stored in the bank.</p>
+ *
+ * <p>Main class uses ThreadPool to run threads that do transactions on the bank accounts.</p>
+ */
+
+public class Main {
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("monitor");
+        var bank = new Bank(4, 1000, logger);
+        Runnable runnable = () -> {
+            try {
+                Thread.sleep((long) (Math.random() * 1000));
+                Random random = new Random();
+                for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
+                    bank.transfer(random.nextInt(4), random.nextInt(4), (int) (Math.random() * 1000));
+            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                logger.info(e.getMessage());
+            }
+        };
+        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
+        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
+            executorService.execute(runnable);
+        }
+    }
+}

monitor/src/main/test/java/com/iluwater/java/BankTest.java

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+package com.iluwater.java;
+
+import com.iluwatar.monitor.Bank;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeAll;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assumptions.*;
+
+import java.util.logging.Logger;
+
+public class BankTest {
+
+    private static Bank bank;
+    private static final int ACCOUNT_NUM = 4;
+    private static final int BASE_AMOUNT = 1000;
+    private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger("monitor");
+
+    @BeforeAll
+    public static void Setup() {
+        bank = new Bank(ACCOUNT_NUM, BASE_AMOUNT, LOGGER);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void GetAccountHaveNotBeNull() {
+        assertNotNull(bank.getAccounts());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void LengthOfAccountsHaveToEqualsToAccountNumConstant() {
+        assumeTrue(bank.getAccounts() != null);
+        assertEquals(ACCOUNT_NUM, bank.getAccounts().length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void TransferMethodHaveToTransferAmountFromAnAccountToOtherAccount() {
+        bank.transfer(0, 1, 1000);
+        int accounts[] = bank.getAccounts();
+        assertEquals(0, accounts[0]);
+        assertEquals(2000, 2000);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void BalanceHaveToBeOK() {
+        assertEquals(4000, bank.getBalance());
+    }
+
+
+    @AfterAll
+    public static void TearDown() {
+        bank = null;
+    }
+
+}