examples/notebooks/Part 2 - Basic Output.ipynb

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 "worksheets": [
  {
   "cells": [
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Basic Output"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "When a cell is run, it can generate *output*. In IPython, the definition of output is quite general; it can be text, images, LaTeX, HTML or JSON. All output is displayed below the code that generated it, in the *output area*.\n",
      "\n",
      "This Notebook describes the basics of output and shows how the `stdout/stderr` streams are handled."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Displayhook"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "When a Python object is returned by an expression, Python's `displayhook` mechanism is triggered. In IPython, this results in an output prompt, such as `Out[2]`. These objects are then available under the variables:\n",
      "\n",
      "* `_` (last output)\n",
      "* `__` (second to last output)\n",
      "* `_N` (`Out[N]`)"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import numpy as np\n",
      "import sys"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 1
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "np.random.rand(10)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 2,
       "text": [
        "array([ 0.75222263,  0.72102181,  0.15122973,  0.00386071,  0.21584229,\n",
        "        0.72508214,  0.16864276,  0.96639874,  0.92500381,  0.30806583])"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 2
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "np.sin(_)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 3,
       "text": [
        "array([ 0.68326335,  0.66015253,  0.15065394,  0.0038607 ,  0.21417025,\n",
        "        0.66319692,  0.16784452,  0.82284458,  0.79862306,  0.3032161 ])"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 3
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "sys.stdout and sys.stderr"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "The stdout and stderr streams are displayed as text in the output area."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "print(\"hi, stdout\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "hi, stdout\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 4
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from __future__ import print_function\n",
      "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "hi, stderr\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 5
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Output is asynchronous"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "All output is displayed asynchronously as it is generated in the Kernel. If you execute the next cell, you will see the output one piece at a time, not all at the end."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "import time, sys\n",
      "for i in range(8):\n",
      "    print(i)\n",
      "    time.sleep(0.5)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n",
        "1"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "2"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "3"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "4"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "5"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "6"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n",
        "7"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 6
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Large outputs"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "To better handle large outputs, the output area can be collapsed. Run the following cell and then single- or double- click on the active area to the left of the output:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for i in range(50):\n",
      "    print(i)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "0\n",
        "1\n",
        "2\n",
        "3\n",
        "4\n",
        "5\n",
        "6\n",
        "7\n",
        "8\n",
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        "46\n",
        "47\n",
        "48\n",
        "49\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 7
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Beyond a certain point, output will scroll automatically:"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "for i in range(500):\n",
      "    print(2**i - 1)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
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        "1636695303948070935006594848413799576108321023021532394741645684048066898202337277441635046162952078575443342063780035504608628272942696526664263794687\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 8
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "heading",
     "level": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Capturing output with <tt>%%capture</tt>"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "IPython has a cell magic, `%%capture`, which captures the stdout/stderr of a cell. With this magic you can discard these streams or store them in a variable."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "from __future__ import print_function\n",
      "import sys"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 9
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "By default, `%%capture` discards these streams.  This is a simple way to suppress unwanted output."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture\n",
      "print('hi, stdout')\n",
      "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 10
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "If you specify a name, then stdout/stderr will be stored in an object in your namespace."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture captured\n",
      "print('hi, stdout')\n",
      "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 11
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 12,
       "text": [
        "<IPython.utils.io.CapturedIO at 0x103cf9190>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 12
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "Calling the object writes the output to stdout/stderr as appropriate."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "hi, stdout\n"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "hi, stderr\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 13
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured.stdout"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 14,
       "text": [
        "'hi, stdout\\n'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 14
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "captured.stderr"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "metadata": {},
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 15,
       "text": [
        "'hi, stderr\\n'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 15
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "`%%capture` only captures stdout/stderr, not other output types, so you can still do plots and use IPython's display system inside `%%capture`"
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%matplotlib inline\n",
      "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
      "import numpy as np"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [],
     "prompt_number": 16
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture wontshutup\n",
      "\n",
      "print(\"setting up X\")\n",
      "x = np.linspace(0,5,1000)\n",
      "print(\"step 2: constructing y-data\")\n",
      "y = np.sin(x)\n",
      "print(\"step 3: display info about y\")\n",
      "plt.plot(x,y)\n",
      "print(\"okay, I'm done now\")"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "display_data",
       "png": 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8aAr0xo0wfboZ9f/3v1C2rDlmoVw5KFbMfK7bDUePmtM0zzY57rjDfDRoYFb8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\nRU5ErkJggg==\n",
       "text": [
        "<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x108356ed0>"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 17
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "wontshutup()"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stdout",
       "text": [
        "setting up X\n",
        "step 2: constructing y-data\n",
        "step 3: display info about y\n",
        "okay, I'm done now\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 18
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "markdown",
     "metadata": {},
     "source": [
      "And you can selectively disable capturing stdout or stderr by passing `--no-stdout/err`."
     ]
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "%%capture cap --no-stderr\n",
      "print('hi, stdout')\n",
      "print(\"hello, stderr\", file=sys.stderr)"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "hello, stderr"
       ]
      },
      {
       "output_type": "stream",
       "stream": "stderr",
       "text": [
        "\n"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 19
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "cap.stdout"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 20,
       "text": [
        "'hi, stdout\\n'"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 20
    },
    {
     "cell_type": "code",
     "collapsed": false,
     "input": [
      "cap.stderr"
     ],
     "language": "python",
     "metadata": {},
     "outputs": [
      {
       "output_type": "pyout",
       "prompt_number": 21,
       "text": [
        "''"
       ]
      }
     ],
     "prompt_number": 21
    }
   ],
   "metadata": {}
  }
 ]
}