living_things.tex

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\section{Living Things}
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\subsection*{Vocabulary}
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\begin{supertabular}{p{2,5cm}|ll}
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\index{akesi}
\textbf{\dots akesi} && \textit{adjective}: amphibian-, reptilian-, slimy \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{akesi} && \textit{noun}: reptile, amphibian; non-cute animal \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{alasa}
\textbf{\dots alasa} && \textit{adjective}: hunting-, -hunting, hunting \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{alasa} && \textit{noun}: hunting \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{alasa (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to hunt, to forage \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{kala}
\textbf{\dots kala} && \textit{adjective}: fish- \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{kala} && \textit{noun}: fish, marine animal, sea creature \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{kasi}
\textbf{\dots kasi} && \textit{adjective}: vegetable, vegetal, biological, biologic, leafy \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{kasi} && \textit{noun}: plant, vegetation, herb, leaf \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{kasi} && \textit{verb intransitive}: to grow \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{kasi (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to plant, to grow \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{moli}
\textbf{\dots moli} && \textit{adjective}: dead, dying, fatal, deadly, lethal, mortal, deathly, killing \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{\dots moli} && \textit{adverb}: mortally \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{moli} && \textit{noun}: death, decease \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{moli} && \textit{verb intransitive}: to die, to be dead \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{moli (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to kill \\ % no-dictionary
kama \textbf{moli} && \textit{intransitives Verb}: dieing \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{monsuta}
\textbf{\dots monsuta} && \textit{adjective} (unofficial): fearful, afraid \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{monsuta} && \textit{noun} (unofficial): monster, monstrosity, fearful thing, fright, mythical creatures, fear \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{namako}
\textbf{\dots namako} && \textit{adjective}: spicy, piquant \\ 
\textbf{namako} && \textit{noun}: spice, something extra, food additive, accessory \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{namako (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to spice, to flavor, to decorate \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{pan}
\textbf{pan} && \textit{noun}: cereal, grain; barley, corn, oat, rice, wheat; bread, pasta \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{pan (e \dots)} && \textit{verb transitive}: to sow \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{soweli}
\textbf{\dots soweli} && \textit{adjective}: animal \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{soweli} && \textit{noun}: animal, especially land mammal, lovable animal, beast \\ % no-dictionary
 && \\ % no-dictionary
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\index{waso}
\textbf{\dots waso} && \textit{adjective}: bird- \\ % no-dictionary
\textbf{waso} && \textit{noun}: bird, bat; flying creature, winged animal \\ % no-dictionary
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\end{supertabular} \\
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\newpage
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\subsection*{Names of Living Things}
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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{soweli}}
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\index{\textit{soweli}!noun}
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The noun \textit{soweli} is basically for all types of mammals. 
The noun \textit{soweli} is used however also for meat of mammals, since there is no special word for meat.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
soweli lili li ' ike, tawa mi. && I'm allergic to cats. \\
soweli ni li ' pona moku. && This cow is good to eat. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{waso}}
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\index{\textit{waso}!noun}
\index{\textit{soweli}!adjective}
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The noun \textit{waso} includes all birds and flying animals. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
waso wawa li tawa e ona, lon kon. && The eagle moves through the air. \\
mi wile moku e waso. && I want to eat chicken. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{soweli}}
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\index{\textit{soweli}!adjective}
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The names of the living beings can also be adjectives. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
waso soweli li ' pimeja. && The bat is black. \\
mi moku lili e moku soweli. && I eat little meat. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{akesi}}
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\index{\textit{akesi}!noun}
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The noun \textit{akesi} covers all of the reptiles, amphibians, dinosaurs and monsters.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
akesi pi telo moli && venomous snakes, poisonous frogs \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{akesi}}
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\index{\textit{akesi}!adjective}
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The adjective \textit{akesi} means 'amphibian-', 'reptilian-' or 'slimy'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
tomo tawa akesi li tawa, lon ma li tawa, lon telo. && The amphibious vehicle drives on land and in the water. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{kala}}
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\index{\textit{kala}!noun}
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The noun \textit{kala} designates fish and other aquatic animals. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
kalama pi kala ni li pakala e kala ali. && The noise of this fish disturbed all the fish. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{kala}}
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\index{\textit{kala}!adjective}
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\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
meli kala lili li tawa e ona, lon telo. && The mermaid floats in the water.  \\
kala wawa li moku e soweli kala. && The shark eats the seal.  \\
\end{supertabular} 

The first \textit{kala} in the last sentence is of course a noun. 

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{pipi}}
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\index{\textit{pipi}!noun}
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The Noun \textit{pipi} is used for all types of bugs (spiders, ants, roaches, butterflies). 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
mi pakala e pipi ike. && I hurt the ugly bug.  \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{kasi}}
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\index{\textit{kasi}!noun}
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The noun \textit{kasi} is used to talk about all plants and plant-like things. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
kasi kule && flower \\
kasi suli && trees, big shrubs \\
kasi anpa && grass \\
kasi nasa / kasi sona && hemp  \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{kasi}}
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\index{\textit{kasi}!adjective}
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The adjective \textit{kasi} means 'plant-based'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ma kasi && forest, jungle \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{kasi}}
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\index{\textit{kasi}!verb}
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The transitive verb \textit{kasi} means 'to plant'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
mi kasi e kasi kule, lon poki. && I'll plant the flower in the pot. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Intransitive Verb \textit{kasi}}
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\index{\textit{kasi}!verb}
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The intransitive verb \textit{kasi} means 'to grow'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
kasi suli li kasi, tawa sewi. && The tree grows into the sky. \\
\end{supertabular}  

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\subsection*{Animal Sounds and Communication}
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\index{animal sounds}
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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{mu}}
\index{mu!noun}

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
mu ni li ' ike a! && That barking is terrible! \\
% mu! mu! mu! && Wow! Wow! Wow! \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective  \textit{mu}}
\index{mu!adjective}

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
kalama mu ni li ' pona, tawa mi. && I like this animal sound.\\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{mu}}
\index{mu!verb}

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
pipi li mu e kalama. && The cicadas are chirping noises.  \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Intransitive Verb \textit{mu}}
\index{mu!verb}

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
pipi li mu, tawa ona. && The beetles communicate with each other. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adverb \textit{mu}}
\index{mu!adverb}

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
sina toki mu e ni. && You say that beastly. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsection*{Miscellaneous}
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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{pan}}
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\index{\textit{pan}!noun}
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The noun \textit{pan} refers to certain foods (cereals, grains; barley, maize, oats, rice, wheat, bread, pasta). 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
pan ni li ' moku ike. && This pasta is unappetizing. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{pan}}
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\index{\textit{pan}!verb}
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The transitive verb \textit{pan} means 'to sow' or 'to sow out'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ona li pan e pan. && They're sowing the grain. \\
ona li pan ala pan? && Does he sow? \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{namako}}
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\index{\textit{namako}!noun}
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The noun \textit{namako} means 'spice', 'salt' or 'food additive'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
o pana e namako, tawa mi. &&  Give me some spice. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{namako}}
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\index{\textit{namako}!adjective}
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The adjective \textit{namako} means 'spicy'. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
mi moku e pan namako. && I eat the spicy bread. \\
\end{supertabular}

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\subsubsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{namako}}
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\index{\textit{namako}!verb}
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The transitive verb \textit{namako} means 'to spice'. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ona li namako ala namako? && Did she season? \\
meli mi li namako e moku. &&  My wife spices up the food. \\
\end{supertabular}

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{moli}}
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\index{\textit{moli}!noun}
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The noun \textit{moli} means 'the death'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
moli li ' ike, tawa jan ali. && Death is bad for all men. \\
ona li anpa e moli. && She defeated death.  \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{moli}}
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\index{\textit{moli}!adjektive}
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The adjective \textit{moli} means 'dead', 'fatal', or 'serious'. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
pakala moli li kama, tawa sina. && The deadly battle comes to you. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{moli}}
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\index{\textit{moli}!verb}
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The transitive verb \textit{moli} means 'to kill'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
jan li moli e waso. && The man killed the bird. \\
jan li moli ala moli e waso? && Did the man kill the bird? \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Intransitive Verb \textit{moli}}
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\index{\textit{moli}!verb}
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The intransitive verb \textit{moli} means 'be dead'.
Mit dem Hilfsverb \textit{kama} means es 'die'. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
soweli li kama ala kama moli? && Is the dog dying? \\
soweli li kama moli. && The dog dies. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Adverb \textit{moli}}
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\index{\textit{moli}!adverb}
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The adverb \textit{moli} means 'deadly'. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
akesi li pakala moli e soweli. && The monitor lizard bite deadly the goat. \\
\end{supertabular} 

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{alasa}}
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\index{\textit{alasa}!noun}
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The noun \textit{alasa} means 'The hunting'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
alasa li pana e soweli, tawa mi. && The hunt brings me meat.\\
\end{supertabular}

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{alasa}}
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\index{\textit{alasa}!adjective}
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The adjective \textit{alasa} means 'hunting-', '-hunting' or 'hunting'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
jan alasa pona li ' wawa. && A good hunter is strong. \\
\end{supertabular}

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\subsubsection*{The Transitive Verb \textit{alasa}}
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\index{\textit{alasa}!verb}
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The transitive verb \textit{alasa} menas 'to hunt' or 'to forage'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
jan li alasa e soweli. && Somebody hunt a buffalo. \\
\end{supertabular}

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\subsubsection*{The Noun \textit{monsuta}}
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\index{\textit{monsuta}!noun}
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The noun \textit{monsuta} means 'monster', 'mythical creatures' or 'fear'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
monsuta waso pi pan linja li pali e ali. &&  The Flying Spaghetti Monster has created the world. \\
\end{supertabular}

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\subsubsection*{The Adjective \textit{monsuta}}
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\index{\textit{monsuta}!adjective}
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The adjective \textit{monsuta} means 'fearful' or 'afraid'.

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
ni li ' mije monsuta. && This is a fearful man. \\
\end{supertabular}

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\newpage
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\subsection*{Practice (Answers: Page~\pageref{'living_things'})}
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Please write down your answers and check them afterwards. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
Which separator is at the end of a question? &&  \\ % no-dictionary
In which cases is a comma used? &&  \\ % no-dictionary
In which cases a colon is used? &&  \\ % no-dictionary
Where are possible slots for prepositions in a sentence? &&  \\ % no-dictionary
\end{supertabular}

Try to translate these sentences. 
You can use the tool \textit{Toki Pona Parser} (\cite{www:rowa:02}) for spelling and grammar check. 

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
Is this a mammal? &&  \\ % & English - Toki Pona
I want a puppy. &&   \\ % no-dictionary
Ahh! The dinosaur wants to eat me!  &&  \\ % no-dictionary
The mosquito bit me.  &&  \\ % no-dictionary
Cows say moo.  &&  \\ % no-dictionary
Birds fly in air. * &&  \\ % no-dictionary
Let's eat fish.  &&  \\ % no-dictionary
Flowers are pretty. ** &&  \\ % no-dictionary
I like plants. &&   \\ % no-dictionary
Have you improved? &&  \\ % no-dictionary
\end{supertabular}

\begin{supertabular}{p{5,5cm}|ll}
mama ona li kepeken kasi nasa.  &&  \\ % no-dictionary
akesi li pana e telo moli. &&  \\  % no-dictionary
pipi li moku e kasi.  &&  \\ % no-dictionary
soweli mi li kama moli.  &&  \\ % no-dictionary
jan Pawe o, mi wile ala moli. && \\   % no-dictionary
mi lon ma kasi. &&   \\ % no-dictionary
ona li kasi ala kasi? &&   \\ % no-dictionary
\end{supertabular} 

* Think: 'Birds go in air.' \\
** Think: 'Colorful plants are good to see.' 
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