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/.yardoc | ||
/coverage | ||
/doc | ||
/pkg | ||
/test/rails | ||
/test/haml/spec | ||
/.sass-cache | ||
/.haml | ||
/site | ||
/vendor |
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--readme README.md | ||
--markup markdown | ||
--markup-provider maruku | ||
--default-return "" | ||
--hide-void-return | ||
--protected | ||
--no-private | ||
--no-highlight |
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Contributions are welcomed. Please see the following sites for guidelines: | ||
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http://haml-lang.com/development.html#contributing | ||
http://sass-lang.com/development.html#contributing |
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# Haml and Sass | ||
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Haml and Sass are templating engines | ||
for the two most common types of documents on the web: | ||
HTML and CSS, respectively. | ||
They are designed to make it both easier and more pleasant | ||
to code HTML and CSS documents, | ||
by eliminating redundancy, | ||
reflecting the underlying structure that the document represents, | ||
and providing elegant, easily understandable, and powerful syntax. | ||
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## Using | ||
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Haml and Sass can be used from the command line | ||
or as part of a Ruby web framework. | ||
The first step is to install the gem: | ||
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gem install haml | ||
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After you convert some HTML to Haml or some CSS to Sass, | ||
you can run | ||
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haml document.haml | ||
sass style.sass | ||
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to compile them. | ||
For more information on these commands, check out | ||
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haml --help | ||
sass --help | ||
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To install Haml and Sass as a Rails plugin, | ||
just run `haml --rails path/to/rails/app` | ||
and both Haml and Sass will be installed. | ||
Views with the `.html.haml` extension will automatically use Haml. | ||
Sass is a little more complicated; | ||
`.sass` files should be placed in `public/stylesheets/sass`, | ||
where they'll be automatically compiled | ||
to corresponding CSS files in `public/stylesheets` when needed | ||
(the Sass template directory is customizable... | ||
see [the Sass reference](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/SASS_REFERENCE.md.html#template_location-option) for details). | ||
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For Merb, `.html.haml` views will work without any further modification. | ||
To enable Sass, you also need to add a dependency. | ||
To do so, just add | ||
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dependency "merb-haml" | ||
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to `config/dependencies.rb` (or `config/init.rb` in a flat/very flat Merb application). | ||
Then it'll work just like it does in Rails. | ||
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Sass can also be used with any Rack-enabled web framework. | ||
To do so, just add | ||
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require 'sass/plugin/rack' | ||
use Sass::Plugin::Rack | ||
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to `config.ru`. | ||
Then any Sass files in `public/stylesheets/sass` | ||
will be compiled CSS files in `public/stylesheets` on every request. | ||
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To use Haml and Sass programatically, | ||
check out the [YARD documentation](http://haml-lang.com/docs/yardoc/). | ||
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## Formatting | ||
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### Haml | ||
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The most basic element of Haml | ||
is a shorthand for creating HTML: | ||
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%tagname{:attr1 => 'value1', :attr2 => 'value2'} Contents | ||
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No end-tag is needed; Haml handles that automatically. | ||
If you prefer HTML-style attributes, you can also use: | ||
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%tagname(attr1='value1' attr2='value2') Contents | ||
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Adding `class` and `id` attributes is even easier. | ||
Haml uses the same syntax as the CSS that styles the document: | ||
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%tagname#id.class | ||
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In fact, when you're using the `<div>` tag, | ||
it becomes _even easier_. | ||
Because `<div>` is such a common element, | ||
a tag without a name defaults to a div. So | ||
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#foo Hello! | ||
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becomes | ||
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<div id='foo'>Hello!</div> | ||
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Haml uses indentation | ||
to bring the individual elements to represent the HTML structure. | ||
A tag's children are indented beneath than the parent tag. | ||
Again, a closing tag is automatically added. | ||
For example: | ||
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%ul | ||
%li Salt | ||
%li Pepper | ||
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becomes: | ||
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<ul> | ||
<li>Salt</li> | ||
<li>Pepper</li> | ||
</ul> | ||
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You can also put plain text as a child of an element: | ||
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%p | ||
Hello, | ||
World! | ||
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It's also possible to embed Ruby code into Haml documents. | ||
An equals sign, `=`, will output the result of the code. | ||
A hyphen, `-`, will run the code but not output the result. | ||
You can even use control statements | ||
like `if` and `while`: | ||
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%p | ||
Date/Time: | ||
- now = DateTime.now | ||
%strong= now | ||
- if now > DateTime.parse("December 31, 2006") | ||
= "Happy new " + "year!" | ||
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Haml provides far more tools than those presented here. | ||
Check out the reference documentation in the Haml module. | ||
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### Sass | ||
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At its most basic, | ||
Sass is just another way of writing CSS. | ||
Although it's very much like normal CSS, | ||
the basic syntax offers a few helpful features: | ||
indentation indicates the properties in a rule, | ||
rather than non-DRY brackets; | ||
and newlines indicate the end of a properties, | ||
rather than a semicolon. | ||
For example: | ||
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#main | ||
background-color: #f00 | ||
width: 98% | ||
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becomes: | ||
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#main { | ||
background-color: #f00; | ||
width: 98% } | ||
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However, Sass provides much more than a way to make CSS look nice. | ||
In CSS, it's important to have accurate selectors, | ||
so your styles don't just apply to everything. | ||
However, in order to do this, | ||
you need to use nested element selectors. | ||
These get very ugly very quickly. | ||
I'm sure everyone's had to write something like | ||
"#main .sidebar .top p h1 a", | ||
followed by | ||
"#main .sidebar .top p h1 a:visited" and | ||
"#main .sidebar .top p h1 a:hover". | ||
Well, Sass gets rid of that. | ||
Like Haml, it uses indentation to indicate the structure of the document. | ||
So, what was: | ||
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#main { | ||
width: 90%; | ||
} | ||
#main p { | ||
border-style: solid; | ||
border-width: 1px; | ||
border-color: #00f; | ||
} | ||
#main p a { | ||
text-decoration: none; | ||
font-weight: bold; | ||
} | ||
#main p a:hover { | ||
text-decoration: underline; | ||
} | ||
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becomes: | ||
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#main | ||
width: 90% | ||
p | ||
border-style: solid | ||
border-width: 1px | ||
border-color: #00f | ||
a | ||
text-decoration: none | ||
font-weight: bold | ||
a:hover | ||
text-decoration: underline | ||
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Pretty nice, no? Well, it gets better. | ||
One of the main complaints against CSS is that it doesn't allow variables. | ||
What if have a color or a width you re-use all the time? | ||
In CSS, you just have to re-type it each time, | ||
which is a nightmare when you decide to change it later. | ||
Not so for Sass! | ||
You can use the `!` character to set variables. | ||
Then, if you put `=` after your property name, | ||
you can set it to a variable. | ||
For example: | ||
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!note_bg= #55aaff | ||
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#main | ||
width: 70% | ||
.note | ||
background-color = !note_bg | ||
p | ||
width: 5em | ||
background-color = !note_bg | ||
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becomes: | ||
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#main { | ||
width: 70%; } | ||
#main .note { | ||
background-color: #55aaff; } | ||
#main p { | ||
width: 5em; | ||
background-color: #55aaff; } | ||
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You can even do simple arithmetic operations with variables, | ||
adding numbers and even colors together: | ||
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!main_bg= #46ar12 | ||
!main_width= 40em | ||
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#main | ||
background-color = !main_bg | ||
width = !main_width | ||
.sidebar | ||
background-color = !main_bg + #333333 | ||
width = !main_width - 25em | ||
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becomes: | ||
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#main { | ||
background-color: #46a312; | ||
width: 40em; } | ||
#main .sidebar { | ||
background-color: #79d645; | ||
width: 15em; } | ||
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Taking the idea of variables a bit further are mixins. | ||
These let you group whole bunches of CSS properties into a single | ||
directive and then include those anywhere you want: | ||
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=blue-border | ||
border: | ||
color: blue | ||
width: 2px | ||
style: dotted | ||
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.comment | ||
+blue-border | ||
padding: 2px | ||
margin: 10px 0 | ||
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.reply | ||
+blue-border | ||
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becomes: | ||
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.comment { | ||
border-color: blue; | ||
border-width: 2px; | ||
border-style: dotted; | ||
padding: 2px; | ||
margin: 10px 0; | ||
} | ||
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.reply { | ||
border-color: blue; | ||
border-width: 2px; | ||
border-style: dotted; | ||
} | ||
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A comprehensive list of features is in | ||
the documentation for the Sass module. | ||
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## Indentation | ||
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Indentation can be made up of one or more tabs or spaces. | ||
However, indentation must be consistent within a given document. | ||
Hard tabs and spaces can't be mixed, | ||
and the same number of tabs or spaces must be used throughout. | ||
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## Executables | ||
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The Haml gem includes several executables that are useful | ||
for dealing with Haml and Sass from the command line. | ||
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### `haml` | ||
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The `haml` executable transforms a source Haml file into HTML. | ||
See `haml --help` for further information and options. | ||
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### `sass` | ||
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The `sass` executable transforms a source Sass file into CSS. | ||
See `sass --help` for further information and options. | ||
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### `html2haml` | ||
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The `html2haml` executable attempts to transform HTML, | ||
optionally with ERB markup, into Haml code. | ||
Since HTML is so variable, this transformation is not always perfect; | ||
it's a good idea to have a human check the output of this tool. | ||
See `html2haml --help` for further information and options. | ||
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### `css2sass` | ||
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The `css2sass` executable attempts to transform CSS into Sass code. | ||
This transformation attempts to use Sass nesting where possible. | ||
See `css2sass --help` for further information and options. | ||
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## Authors | ||
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Haml and Sass were created by [Hampton Catlin](http://hamptoncatlin.com) | ||
(hcatlin) and he is the author of the original implementation. However, Hampton | ||
doesn't even know his way around the code anymore and now occasionally consults | ||
on the language issues. Hampton lives in Jacksonville, Florida and is the lead | ||
mobile developer for Wikimedia. | ||
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[Nathan Weizenbaum](http://nex-3.com) is the primary developer and architect of | ||
the "modern" Ruby implementation of Haml. His hard work has kept the project | ||
alive by endlessly answering forum posts, fixing bugs, refactoring, finding | ||
speed improvements, writing documentation, implementing new features, and | ||
getting Hampton coffee (a fitting task for a boy-genius). Nathan lives in | ||
Seattle, Washington and while not being a student at the University of | ||
Washington or working at an internship, he consults for Unspace Interactive. | ||
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[Chris Eppstein](http://acts-as-architect.blogspot.com) is a core contributor to | ||
Sass and the creator of Compass, the first Sass-based framework. Chris focuses | ||
on making Sass more powerful, easy to use, and on ways to speed its adoption | ||
through the web development community. Chris lives in San Jose, California with | ||
his wife and daughter. He is the Software Architect for | ||
[Caring.com](http://caring.com), a website devoted to the 34 Million caregivers | ||
whose parents are sick or elderly, that uses Haml and Sass. | ||
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If you use this software, you must pay Hampton a compliment. And | ||
buy Nathan some jelly beans. Maybe pet a kitten. Yeah. Pet that kitty. | ||
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Some of the work on Haml was supported by Unspace Interactive. | ||
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Beyond that, the implementation is licensed under the MIT License. | ||
Okay, fine, I guess that means compliments aren't __required__. |
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