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doc: update docs/fastapi.md (#423)
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FastAPI 备忘清单
===

FastAPI 是一个用于构建 API 的现代、快速(高性能)的 web 框架,使用 Python 3.6+ 并基于标准的 Python 类型提示。
FastAPI 是一个用于构建 API 的现代、快速(高性能)的 web 框架,使用 Python 3.6+ 并基于标准的 Python 类型提示。Python: `3.9.5` FastAPI: `0.103.1`

入门
---
<!--rehype:body-class=cols-1-->

### 最小程序

Expand All @@ -25,10 +26,47 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
uvicorn.run(app='main:app', reload=True)
```

### 路径参数

#### 最基本的路径参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/1
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id):
return {"item_id": item_id} # item_id自定义
```

#### 多个路径参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/1/2
@app.get("/items/{item_id}/{user_id}")
async def read_item(item_id, user_id):
return {"item_id": item_id, "user_id": user_id}
```

#### 有类型的路径参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/1
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id: int):
return {"item_id": item_id}
```

#### 文件路径参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/file//home/my/my.txt
@app.get("/file/{file_path:path}")
async def read_item(file_path):
return {"file_path": file_path}
```

### 查询参数
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2 row-span-2-->

带默认值的查询参数
#### 带默认值的查询参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/?skip=0&limit=2
Expand All @@ -38,7 +76,7 @@ async def read_item(skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
return fake_items_db[skip: skip + limit]
```

可选查询参数
#### 可选查询参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/1?q=admin
Expand All @@ -50,7 +88,7 @@ async def read_item(item_id: str, q: Union[str, None] = None):
return {"item_id": item_id}
```

多路径多查询参数
#### 多路径多查询参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/1/items/2
Expand All @@ -70,7 +108,7 @@ async def read_user_item(
return item
```

必需查询参数
#### 必需查询参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/123?needy=yes
Expand All @@ -80,44 +118,6 @@ async def read_user_item(item_id: str, needy: str):
return item
```

### 路径参数

最基本的路径参数

```python
# <http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/1>
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id):
return {"item_id": item_id} # item_id自定义
```

多个路径参数

```python
# <http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/1/2>
@app.get("/items/{item_id}/{user_id}")
async def read_item(item_id, user_id):
return {"item_id": item_id, "user_id": user_id}
```

有类型的路径参数

```python
# <http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/1>
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_item(item_id: int):
return {"item_id": item_id}
```

文件路径参数

```python
# <http://127.0.0.1:8000/file//home/my/my.txt>
@app.get("/file/{file_path:path}")
async def read_item(file_path):
return {"file_path": file_path}
```

### 请求体

```python
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -150,7 +150,6 @@ curl -X 'POST' \
```

### 查询参数和字符串校验
<!--rehype:wrap-class=col-span-2-->

```python
from fastapi import Query
Expand All @@ -173,15 +172,152 @@ async def read_items(q: Union[str, None] = Query(default=None, max_length=50)):
| alias | 别名参数 | string |
| deprecated | 准备弃用参数 | bool |

多个相同的查询参数 <http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/?q=foo&q=bar>
#### 多个相同的查询参数

```python
# http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/?q=foo&q=bar
@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(q: Union[List[str], None] = Query(default=None)):
query_items = {"q": q}
return query_items
```

### 路径参数和数值校验

Path用法基本和Query相同,参考:[FastAPI官方文档](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/zh/tutorial/path-params-numeric-validations/)

#### 导入 Path

```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, Path, Query
from typing_extensions import Annotated
```

#### 声明元数据

```python
@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
async def read_items(
item_id: Annotated[int, Path(title="The ID of the item to get")],
q: Annotated[Union[str, None], Query(alias="item-query")] = None,
):
results = {"item_id": item_id}
if q:
results.update({"q": q})
return results
```

#### 参数列表

| 参数 | 含义 | 类型 |
| ----- | ------------------- | --------- |
| ... | 和Query具有相同参数 | ... |
| ge | 大于等于 | int float |
| gt | 大于 | int float |
| le | 小于等于 | int float |
| le | 小于等于 | int float |
| title | api文档的标题 | string |

### 其他参数

都具有Query的参数,max_length、min_length等

#### Cookie参数

```python
from fastapi import Cookie
@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(ads_id: Annotated[Union[str, None], Cookie()] = None):
return {"ads_id": ads_id}
```

#### Header 参数

```python
from fastapi import Header
@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(user_agent: Annotated[Union[str, None], Header()] = None,items_id: Annotated[Union[int, None], Header(ge=1)] = None):
return {"User-Agent": user_agent, "items_id": items_id}
```

### 表单数据

接收的不是 JSON,而是表单字段时,要使用 Form。

#### 安装

`pip install python-multipart`

#### HTML

```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
<form method="post" action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/login">
<span>账号:</span><input type="text" name="username">
<br>
<span>密码:</span><input type="password" name="password">
<br>
<input type="submit" value="登录">
</form>
</body>
</html>
```

#### FastAPI

```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, Form
import uvicorn
app = FastAPI()
@app.post("/login/")
async def login(username: str = Form(), password: str = Form()):
return {"username": username}
if __name__ == '__main__':
uvicorn.run(app='main:app', reload=True)
```

### 文件上传

```python
from fastapi import FastAPI, UploadFile
from fastapi.responses import HTMLResponse
@app.post("/uploadfile/")
async def create_upload_file(file: UploadFile):
print(file.file.read().decode())
return {"filenames": file.filename, "type": str(type(file.file))}
@app.get("/")
async def main():
content = """<body>
<form action="/uploadfile/" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post">
<input name="file" type="file" multiple>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>"""
return HTMLResponse(content=content)
```

#### UploadFile属性

| 属性名 | 含义 | 返回 |
| ------------ | -------- | --------------------------------------- |
| filename | 文件名 | 上传的文件名 |
| content_type | 内容类型 | MIME 类型 |
| file | 文件 | SpooledTemporaryFile具有read,write方法 |

#### UploadFile async方法

| 方法名 | 含义 |
| ------------ | ----------------------------------------- |
| write(data) |`data` 写入文件 |
| read(size) | 按指定数量的字节读取文件内容 |
| seek(offset) | 移动至文件 `offset``int`)字节处的位置 |
| close() | 关闭文件 |

参考
---

Expand Down

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