-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
rfc2131.txt
2523 lines (1801 loc) · 114 KB
/
rfc2131.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
Network Working Group R. Droms
Request for Comments: 2131 Bucknell University
Obsoletes: 1541 March 1997
Category: Standards Track
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Status of this memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a framework
for passing configuration information to hosts on a TCPIP network.
DHCP is based on the Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) [7], adding the
capability of automatic allocation of reusable network addresses and
additional configuration options [19]. DHCP captures the behavior of
BOOTP relay agents [7, 21], and DHCP participants can interoperate
with BOOTP participants [9].
Table of Contents
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 Changes to RFC1541. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Related Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Problem definition and issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Design goals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Protocol Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1 Configuration parameters repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Dynamic allocation of network addresses . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3. The Client-Server Protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 Client-server interaction - allocating a network address. . . 13
3.2 Client-server interaction - reusing a previously allocated
network address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Interpretation and representation of time values. . . . . . . 20
3.4 Obtaining parameters with externally configured network
address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5 Client parameters in DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.6 Use of DHCP in clients with multiple interfaces . . . . . . . 22
3.7 When clients should use DHCP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4. Specification of the DHCP client-server protocol. . . . . . . 22
Droms Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
4.1 Constructing and sending DHCP messages. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 DHCP server administrative controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3 DHCP server behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4 DHCP client behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
7. Security Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
8. Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
A. Host Configuration Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
List of Figures
1. Format of a DHCP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Format of the 'flags' field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP client and
servers when allocating a new network address. . . . . . . . . 15
4. Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP client and
servers when reusing a previously allocated network address. . 18
5. State-transition diagram for DHCP clients. . . . . . . . . . . 34
List of Tables
1. Description of fields in a DHCP message. . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. DHCP messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3. Fields and options used by DHCP servers. . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4. Client messages from various states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5. Fields and options used by DHCP clients. . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1. Introduction
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides configuration
parameters to Internet hosts. DHCP consists of two components: a
protocol for delivering host-specific configuration parameters from a
DHCP server to a host and a mechanism for allocation of network
addresses to hosts.
DHCP is built on a client-server model, where designated DHCP server
hosts allocate network addresses and deliver configuration parameters
to dynamically configured hosts. Throughout the remainder of this
document, the term "server" refers to a host providing initialization
parameters through DHCP, and the term "client" refers to a host
requesting initialization parameters from a DHCP server.
A host should not act as a DHCP server unless explicitly configured
to do so by a system administrator. The diversity of hardware and
protocol implementations in the Internet would preclude reliable
operation if random hosts were allowed to respond to DHCP requests.
For example, IP requires the setting of many parameters within the
protocol implementation software. Because IP can be used on many
dissimilar kinds of network hardware, values for those parameters
cannot be guessed or assumed to have correct defaults. Also,
distributed address allocation schemes depend on a polling/defense
Droms Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
mechanism for discovery of addresses that are already in use. IP
hosts may not always be able to defend their network addresses, so
that such a distributed address allocation scheme cannot be
guaranteed to avoid allocation of duplicate network addresses.
DHCP supports three mechanisms for IP address allocation. In
"automatic allocation", DHCP assigns a permanent IP address to a
client. In "dynamic allocation", DHCP assigns an IP address to a
client for a limited period of time (or until the client explicitly
relinquishes the address). In "manual allocation", a client's IP
address is assigned by the network administrator, and DHCP is used
simply to convey the assigned address to the client. A particular
network will use one or more of these mechanisms, depending on the
policies of the network administrator.
Dynamic allocation is the only one of the three mechanisms that
allows automatic reuse of an address that is no longer needed by the
client to which it was assigned. Thus, dynamic allocation is
particularly useful for assigning an address to a client that will be
connected to the network only temporarily or for sharing a limited
pool of IP addresses among a group of clients that do not need
permanent IP addresses. Dynamic allocation may also be a good choice
for assigning an IP address to a new client being permanently
connected to a network where IP addresses are sufficiently scarce
that it is important to reclaim them when old clients are retired.
Manual allocation allows DHCP to be used to eliminate the error-prone
process of manually configuring hosts with IP addresses in
environments where (for whatever reasons) it is desirable to manage
IP address assignment outside of the DHCP mechanisms.
The format of DHCP messages is based on the format of BOOTP messages,
to capture the BOOTP relay agent behavior described as part of the
BOOTP specification [7, 21] and to allow interoperability of existing
BOOTP clients with DHCP servers. Using BOOTP relay agents eliminates
the necessity of having a DHCP server on each physical network
segment.
1.1 Changes to RFC 1541
This document updates the DHCP protocol specification that appears in
RFC1541. A new DHCP message type, DHCPINFORM, has been added; see
section 3.4, 4.3 and 4.4 for details. The classing mechanism for
identifying DHCP clients to DHCP servers has been extended to include
"vendor" classes as defined in sections 4.2 and 4.3. The minimum
lease time restriction has been removed. Finally, many editorial
changes have been made to clarify the text as a result of experience
gained in DHCP interoperability tests.
Droms Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
1.2 Related Work
There are several Internet protocols and related mechanisms that
address some parts of the dynamic host configuration problem. The
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) [10] (through the
extensions defined in the Dynamic RARP (DRARP) [5]) explicitly
addresses the problem of network address discovery, and includes an
automatic IP address assignment mechanism. The Trivial File Transfer
Protocol (TFTP) [20] provides for transport of a boot image from a
boot server. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) [16]
provides for informing hosts of additional routers via "ICMP
redirect" messages. ICMP also can provide subnet mask information
through the "ICMP mask request" message and other information through
the (obsolete) "ICMP information request" message. Hosts can locate
routers through the ICMP router discovery mechanism [8].
BOOTP is a transport mechanism for a collection of configuration
information. BOOTP is also extensible, and official extensions [17]
have been defined for several configuration parameters. Morgan has
proposed extensions to BOOTP for dynamic IP address assignment [15].
The Network Information Protocol (NIP), used by the Athena project at
MIT, is a distributed mechanism for dynamic IP address assignment
[19]. The Resource Location Protocol RLP [1] provides for location
of higher level services. Sun Microsystems diskless workstations use
a boot procedure that employs RARP, TFTP and an RPC mechanism called
"bootparams" to deliver configuration information and operating
system code to diskless hosts. (Sun Microsystems, Sun Workstation
and SunOS are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc.) Some Sun
networks also use DRARP and an auto-installation mechanism to
automate the configuration of new hosts in an existing network.
In other related work, the path minimum transmission unit (MTU)
discovery algorithm can determine the MTU of an arbitrary internet
path [14]. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) has been proposed
as a transport protocol for resource location and selection [6].
Finally, the Host Requirements RFCs [3, 4] mention specific
requirements for host reconfiguration and suggest a scenario for
initial configuration of diskless hosts.
1.3 Problem definition and issues
DHCP is designed to supply DHCP clients with the configuration
parameters defined in the Host Requirements RFCs. After obtaining
parameters via DHCP, a DHCP client should be able to exchange packets
with any other host in the Internet. The TCP/IP stack parameters
supplied by DHCP are listed in Appendix A.
Droms Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
Not all of these parameters are required for a newly initialized
client. A client and server may negotiate for the transmission of
only those parameters required by the client or specific to a
particular subnet.
DHCP allows but does not require the configuration of client
parameters not directly related to the IP protocol. DHCP also does
not address registration of newly configured clients with the Domain
Name System (DNS) [12, 13].
DHCP is not intended for use in configuring routers.
1.4 Requirements
Throughout this document, the words that are used to define the
significance of particular requirements are capitalized. These words
are:
o "MUST"
This word or the adjective "REQUIRED" means that the
item is an absolute requirement of this specification.
o "MUST NOT"
This phrase means that the item is an absolute prohibition
of this specification.
o "SHOULD"
This word or the adjective "RECOMMENDED" means that there
may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore
this item, but the full implications should be understood and
the case carefully weighed before choosing a different course.
o "SHOULD NOT"
This phrase means that there may exist valid reasons in
particular circumstances when the listed behavior is acceptable
or even useful, but the full implications should be understood
and the case carefully weighed before implementing any behavior
described with this label.
Droms Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
o "MAY"
This word or the adjective "OPTIONAL" means that this item is
truly optional. One vendor may choose to include the item
because a particular marketplace requires it or because it
enhances the product, for example; another vendor may omit the
same item.
1.5 Terminology
This document uses the following terms:
o "DHCP client"
A DHCP client is an Internet host using DHCP to obtain
configuration parameters such as a network address.
o "DHCP server"
A DHCP server is an Internet host that returns configuration
parameters to DHCP clients.
o "BOOTP relay agent"
A BOOTP relay agent or relay agent is an Internet host or router
that passes DHCP messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers.
DHCP is designed to use the same relay agent behavior as specified
in the BOOTP protocol specification.
o "binding"
A binding is a collection of configuration parameters, including
at least an IP address, associated with or "bound to" a DHCP
client. Bindings are managed by DHCP servers.
1.6 Design goals
The following list gives general design goals for DHCP.
o DHCP should be a mechanism rather than a policy. DHCP must
allow local system administrators control over configuration
parameters where desired; e.g., local system administrators
should be able to enforce local policies concerning allocation
and access to local resources where desired.
Droms Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
o Clients should require no manual configuration. Each client
should be able to discover appropriate local configuration
parameters without user intervention and incorporate those
parameters into its own configuration.
o Networks should require no manual configuration for individual
clients. Under normal circumstances, the network manager
should not have to enter any per-client configuration
parameters.
o DHCP should not require a server on each subnet. To allow for
scale and economy, DHCP must work across routers or through the
intervention of BOOTP relay agents.
o A DHCP client must be prepared to receive multiple responses
to a request for configuration parameters. Some installations
may include multiple, overlapping DHCP servers to enhance
reliability and increase performance.
o DHCP must coexist with statically configured, non-participating
hosts and with existing network protocol implementations.
o DHCP must interoperate with the BOOTP relay agent behavior as
described by RFC 951 and by RFC 1542 [21].
o DHCP must provide service to existing BOOTP clients.
The following list gives design goals specific to the transmission of
the network layer parameters. DHCP must:
o Guarantee that any specific network address will not be in
use by more than one DHCP client at a time,
o Retain DHCP client configuration across DHCP client reboot. A
DHCP client should, whenever possible, be assigned the same
configuration parameters (e.g., network address) in response
to each request,
o Retain DHCP client configuration across server reboots, and,
whenever possible, a DHCP client should be assigned the same
configuration parameters despite restarts of the DHCP mechanism,
o Allow automated assignment of configuration parameters to new
clients to avoid hand configuration for new clients,
o Support fixed or permanent allocation of configuration
parameters to specific clients.
Droms Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
2. Protocol Summary
From the client's point of view, DHCP is an extension of the BOOTP
mechanism. This behavior allows existing BOOTP clients to
interoperate with DHCP servers without requiring any change to the
clients' initialization software. RFC 1542 [2] details the
interactions between BOOTP and DHCP clients and servers [9]. There
are some new, optional transactions that optimize the interaction
between DHCP clients and servers that are described in sections 3 and
4.
Figure 1 gives the format of a DHCP message and table 1 describes
each of the fields in the DHCP message. The numbers in parentheses
indicate the size of each field in octets. The names for the fields
given in the figure will be used throughout this document to refer to
the fields in DHCP messages.
There are two primary differences between DHCP and BOOTP. First,
DHCP defines mechanisms through which clients can be assigned a
network address for a finite lease, allowing for serial reassignment
of network addresses to different clients. Second, DHCP provides the
mechanism for a client to acquire all of the IP configuration
parameters that it needs in order to operate.
DHCP introduces a small change in terminology intended to clarify the
meaning of one of the fields. What was the "vendor extensions" field
in BOOTP has been re-named the "options" field in DHCP. Similarly,
the tagged data items that were used inside the BOOTP "vendor
extensions" field, which were formerly referred to as "vendor
extensions," are now termed simply "options."
Droms Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| op (1) | htype (1) | hlen (1) | hops (1) |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| xid (4) |
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| secs (2) | flags (2) |
+-------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| ciaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| yiaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| siaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| giaddr (4) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| chaddr (16) |
| |
| |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| sname (64) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| file (128) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| options (variable) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: Format of a DHCP message
DHCP defines a new 'client identifier' option that is used to pass an
explicit client identifier to a DHCP server. This change eliminates
the overloading of the 'chaddr' field in BOOTP messages, where
'chaddr' is used both as a hardware address for transmission of BOOTP
reply messages and as a client identifier. The 'client identifier'
is an opaque key, not to be interpreted by the server; for example,
the 'client identifier' may contain a hardware address, identical to
the contents of the 'chaddr' field, or it may contain another type of
identifier, such as a DNS name. The 'client identifier' chosen by a
DHCP client MUST be unique to that client within the subnet to which
the client is attached. If the client uses a 'client identifier' in
one message, it MUST use that same identifier in all subsequent
messages, to ensure that all servers correctly identify the client.
Droms Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
DHCP clarifies the interpretation of the 'siaddr' field as the
address of the server to use in the next step of the client's
bootstrap process. A DHCP server may return its own address in the
'siaddr' field, if the server is prepared to supply the next
bootstrap service (e.g., delivery of an operating system executable
image). A DHCP server always returns its own address in the 'server
identifier' option.
FIELD OCTETS DESCRIPTION
----- ------ -----------
op 1 Message op code / message type.
1 = BOOTREQUEST, 2 = BOOTREPLY
htype 1 Hardware address type, see ARP section in "Assigned
Numbers" RFC; e.g., '1' = 10mb ethernet.
hlen 1 Hardware address length (e.g. '6' for 10mb
ethernet).
hops 1 Client sets to zero, optionally used by relay agents
when booting via a relay agent.
xid 4 Transaction ID, a random number chosen by the
client, used by the client and server to associate
messages and responses between a client and a
server.
secs 2 Filled in by client, seconds elapsed since client
began address acquisition or renewal process.
flags 2 Flags (see figure 2).
ciaddr 4 Client IP address; only filled in if client is in
BOUND, RENEW or REBINDING state and can respond
to ARP requests.
yiaddr 4 'your' (client) IP address.
siaddr 4 IP address of next server to use in bootstrap;
returned in DHCPOFFER, DHCPACK by server.
giaddr 4 Relay agent IP address, used in booting via a
relay agent.
chaddr 16 Client hardware address.
sname 64 Optional server host name, null terminated string.
file 128 Boot file name, null terminated string; "generic"
name or null in DHCPDISCOVER, fully qualified
directory-path name in DHCPOFFER.
options var Optional parameters field. See the options
documents for a list of defined options.
Table 1: Description of fields in a DHCP message
The 'options' field is now variable length. A DHCP client must be
prepared to receive DHCP messages with an 'options' field of at least
length 312 octets. This requirement implies that a DHCP client must
be prepared to receive a message of up to 576 octets, the minimum IP
Droms Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
datagram size an IP host must be prepared to accept [3]. DHCP
clients may negotiate the use of larger DHCP messages through the
'maximum DHCP message size' option. The options field may be further
extended into the 'file' and 'sname' fields.
In the case of a client using DHCP for initial configuration (before
the client's TCP/IP software has been completely configured), DHCP
requires creative use of the client's TCP/IP software and liberal
interpretation of RFC 1122. The TCP/IP software SHOULD accept and
forward to the IP layer any IP packets delivered to the client's
hardware address before the IP address is configured; DHCP servers
and BOOTP relay agents may not be able to deliver DHCP messages to
clients that cannot accept hardware unicast datagrams before the
TCP/IP software is configured.
To work around some clients that cannot accept IP unicast datagrams
before the TCP/IP software is configured as discussed in the previous
paragraph, DHCP uses the 'flags' field [21]. The leftmost bit is
defined as the BROADCAST (B) flag. The semantics of this flag are
discussed in section 4.1 of this document. The remaining bits of the
flags field are reserved for future use. They MUST be set to zero by
clients and ignored by servers and relay agents. Figure 2 gives the
format of the 'flags' field.
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|B| MBZ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
B: BROADCAST flag
MBZ: MUST BE ZERO (reserved for future use)
Figure 2: Format of the 'flags' field
2.1 Configuration parameters repository
The first service provided by DHCP is to provide persistent storage
of network parameters for network clients. The model of DHCP
persistent storage is that the DHCP service stores a key-value entry
for each client, where the key is some unique identifier (for
example, an IP subnet number and a unique identifier within the
subnet) and the value contains the configuration parameters for the
client.
For example, the key might be the pair (IP-subnet-number, hardware-
address) (note that the "hardware-address" should be typed by the
Droms Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
type of hardware to accommodate possible duplication of hardware
addresses resulting from bit-ordering problems in a mixed-media,
bridged network) allowing for serial or concurrent reuse of a
hardware address on different subnets, and for hardware addresses
that may not be globally unique. Alternately, the key might be the
pair (IP-subnet-number, hostname), allowing the server to assign
parameters intelligently to a DHCP client that has been moved to a
different subnet or has changed hardware addresses (perhaps because
the network interface failed and was replaced). The protocol defines
that the key will be (IP-subnet-number, hardware-address) unless the
client explicitly supplies an identifier using the 'client
identifier' option. A client can query the DHCP service to
retrieve its configuration parameters. The client interface to the
configuration parameters repository consists of protocol messages to
request configuration parameters and responses from the server
carrying the configuration parameters.
2.2 Dynamic allocation of network addresses
The second service provided by DHCP is the allocation of temporary or
permanent network (IP) addresses to clients. The basic mechanism for
the dynamic allocation of network addresses is simple: a client
requests the use of an address for some period of time. The
allocation mechanism (the collection of DHCP servers) guarantees not
to reallocate that address within the requested time and attempts to
return the same network address each time the client requests an
address. In this document, the period over which a network address
is allocated to a client is referred to as a "lease" [11]. The
client may extend its lease with subsequent requests. The client may
issue a message to release the address back to the server when the
client no longer needs the address. The client may ask for a
permanent assignment by asking for an infinite lease. Even when
assigning "permanent" addresses, a server may choose to give out
lengthy but non-infinite leases to allow detection of the fact that
the client has been retired.
In some environments it will be necessary to reassign network
addresses due to exhaustion of available addresses. In such
environments, the allocation mechanism will reuse addresses whose
lease has expired. The server should use whatever information is
available in the configuration information repository to choose an
address to reuse. For example, the server may choose the least
recently assigned address. As a consistency check, the allocating
server SHOULD probe the reused address before allocating the address,
e.g., with an ICMP echo request, and the client SHOULD probe the
newly received address, e.g., with ARP.
Droms Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
3. The Client-Server Protocol
DHCP uses the BOOTP message format defined in RFC 951 and given in
table 1 and figure 1. The 'op' field of each DHCP message sent from
a client to a server contains BOOTREQUEST. BOOTREPLY is used in the
'op' field of each DHCP message sent from a server to a client.
The first four octets of the 'options' field of the DHCP message
contain the (decimal) values 99, 130, 83 and 99, respectively (this
is the same magic cookie as is defined in RFC 1497 [17]). The
remainder of the 'options' field consists of a list of tagged
parameters that are called "options". All of the "vendor extensions"
listed in RFC 1497 are also DHCP options. RFC 1533 gives the
complete set of options defined for use with DHCP.
Several options have been defined so far. One particular option -
the "DHCP message type" option - must be included in every DHCP
message. This option defines the "type" of the DHCP message.
Additional options may be allowed, required, or not allowed,
depending on the DHCP message type.
Throughout this document, DHCP messages that include a 'DHCP message
type' option will be referred to by the type of the message; e.g., a
DHCP message with 'DHCP message type' option type 1 will be referred
to as a "DHCPDISCOVER" message.
3.1 Client-server interaction - allocating a network address
The following summary of the protocol exchanges between clients and
servers refers to the DHCP messages described in table 2. The
timeline diagram in figure 3 shows the timing relationships in a
typical client-server interaction. If the client already knows its
address, some steps may be omitted; this abbreviated interaction is
described in section 3.2.
1. The client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER message on its local physical
subnet. The DHCPDISCOVER message MAY include options that suggest
values for the network address and lease duration. BOOTP relay
agents may pass the message on to DHCP servers not on the same
physical subnet.
2. Each server may respond with a DHCPOFFER message that includes an
available network address in the 'yiaddr' field (and other
configuration parameters in DHCP options). Servers need not
reserve the offered network address, although the protocol will
work more efficiently if the server avoids allocating the offered
network address to another client. When allocating a new address,
servers SHOULD check that the offered network address is not
Droms Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
already in use; e.g., the server may probe the offered address
with an ICMP Echo Request. Servers SHOULD be implemented so that
network administrators MAY choose to disable probes of newly
allocated addresses. The server transmits the DHCPOFFER message
to the client, using the BOOTP relay agent if necessary.
Message Use
------- ---
DHCPDISCOVER - Client broadcast to locate available servers.
DHCPOFFER - Server to client in response to DHCPDISCOVER with
offer of configuration parameters.
DHCPREQUEST - Client message to servers either (a) requesting
offered parameters from one server and implicitly
declining offers from all others, (b) confirming
correctness of previously allocated address after,
e.g., system reboot, or (c) extending the lease on a
particular network address.
DHCPACK - Server to client with configuration parameters,
including committed network address.
DHCPNAK - Server to client indicating client's notion of network
address is incorrect (e.g., client has moved to new
subnet) or client's lease as expired
DHCPDECLINE - Client to server indicating network address is already
in use.
DHCPRELEASE - Client to server relinquishing network address and
cancelling remaining lease.
DHCPINFORM - Client to server, asking only for local configuration
parameters; client already has externally configured
network address.
Table 2: DHCP messages
Droms Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
Server Client Server
(not selected) (selected)
v v v
| | |
| Begins initialization |
| | |
| _____________/|\____________ |
|/DHCPDISCOVER | DHCPDISCOVER \|
| | |
Determines | Determines
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | ____________/ |
| \________ | /DHCPOFFER |
| DHCPOFFER\ |/ |
| \ | |
| Collects replies |
| \| |
| Selects configuration |
| | |
| _____________/|\____________ |
|/ DHCPREQUEST | DHCPREQUEST\ |
| | |
| | Commits configuration
| | |
| | _____________/|
| |/ DHCPACK |
| | |
| Initialization complete |
| | |
. . .
. . .
| | |
| Graceful shutdown |
| | |
| |\ ____________ |
| | DHCPRELEASE \|
| | |
| | Discards lease
| | |
v v v
Figure 3: Timeline diagram of messages exchanged between DHCP
client and servers when allocating a new network address
Droms Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
3. The client receives one or more DHCPOFFER messages from one or more
servers. The client may choose to wait for multiple responses.
The client chooses one server from which to request configuration
parameters, based on the configuration parameters offered in the
DHCPOFFER messages. The client broadcasts a DHCPREQUEST message
that MUST include the 'server identifier' option to indicate which
server it has selected, and that MAY include other options
specifying desired configuration values. The 'requested IP
address' option MUST be set to the value of 'yiaddr' in the
DHCPOFFER message from the server. This DHCPREQUEST message is
broadcast and relayed through DHCP/BOOTP relay agents. To help
ensure that any BOOTP relay agents forward the DHCPREQUEST message
to the same set of DHCP servers that received the original
DHCPDISCOVER message, the DHCPREQUEST message MUST use the same
value in the DHCP message header's 'secs' field and be sent to the
same IP broadcast address as the original DHCPDISCOVER message.
The client times out and retransmits the DHCPDISCOVER message if
the client receives no DHCPOFFER messages.
4. The servers receive the DHCPREQUEST broadcast from the client.
Those servers not selected by the DHCPREQUEST message use the
message as notification that the client has declined that server's
offer. The server selected in the DHCPREQUEST message commits the
binding for the client to persistent storage and responds with a
DHCPACK message containing the configuration parameters for the
requesting client. The combination of 'client identifier' or
'chaddr' and assigned network address constitute a unique
identifier for the client's lease and are used by both the client
and server to identify a lease referred to in any DHCP messages.
Any configuration parameters in the DHCPACK message SHOULD NOT
conflict with those in the earlier DHCPOFFER message to which the
client is responding. The server SHOULD NOT check the offered
network address at this point. The 'yiaddr' field in the DHCPACK
messages is filled in with the selected network address.
If the selected server is unable to satisfy the DHCPREQUEST message
(e.g., the requested network address has been allocated), the
server SHOULD respond with a DHCPNAK message.
A server MAY choose to mark addresses offered to clients in
DHCPOFFER messages as unavailable. The server SHOULD mark an
address offered to a client in a DHCPOFFER message as available if
the server receives no DHCPREQUEST message from that client.
5. The client receives the DHCPACK message with configuration
parameters. The client SHOULD perform a final check on the
parameters (e.g., ARP for allocated network address), and notes the
duration of the lease specified in the DHCPACK message. At this
Droms Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
point, the client is configured. If the client detects that the
address is already in use (e.g., through the use of ARP), the
client MUST send a DHCPDECLINE message to the server and restarts
the configuration process. The client SHOULD wait a minimum of ten
seconds before restarting the configuration process to avoid
excessive network traffic in case of looping.
If the client receives a DHCPNAK message, the client restarts the
configuration process.
The client times out and retransmits the DHCPREQUEST message if the
client receives neither a DHCPACK or a DHCPNAK message. The client
retransmits the DHCPREQUEST according to the retransmission
algorithm in section 4.1. The client should choose to retransmit
the DHCPREQUEST enough times to give adequate probability of
contacting the server without causing the client (and the user of
that client) to wait overly long before giving up; e.g., a client
retransmitting as described in section 4.1 might retransmit the
DHCPREQUEST message four times, for a total delay of 60 seconds,
before restarting the initialization procedure. If the client
receives neither a DHCPACK or a DHCPNAK message after employing the
retransmission algorithm, the client reverts to INIT state and
restarts the initialization process. The client SHOULD notify the
user that the initialization process has failed and is restarting.
6. The client may choose to relinquish its lease on a network address
by sending a DHCPRELEASE message to the server. The client
identifies the lease to be released with its 'client identifier',
or 'chaddr' and network address in the DHCPRELEASE message. If the
client used a 'client identifier' when it obtained the lease, it
MUST use the same 'client identifier' in the DHCPRELEASE message.
3.2 Client-server interaction - reusing a previously allocated network
address
If a client remembers and wishes to reuse a previously allocated
network address, a client may choose to omit some of the steps
described in the previous section. The timeline diagram in figure 4
shows the timing relationships in a typical client-server interaction
for a client reusing a previously allocated network address.
Droms Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 2131 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol March 1997
1. The client broadcasts a DHCPREQUEST message on its local subnet.
The message includes the client's network address in the
'requested IP address' option. As the client has not received its
network address, it MUST NOT fill in the 'ciaddr' field. BOOTP
relay agents pass the message on to DHCP servers not on the same
subnet. If the client used a 'client identifier' to obtain its
address, the client MUST use the same 'client identifier' in the
DHCPREQUEST message.
2. Servers with knowledge of the client's configuration parameters
respond with a DHCPACK message to the client. Servers SHOULD NOT
check that the client's network address is already in use; the
client may respond to ICMP Echo Request messages at this point.
Server Client Server
v v v
| | |
| Begins |
| initialization |
| | |
| /|\ |
| _________ __/ | \__________ |
| /DHCPREQU EST | DHCPREQUEST\ |
|/ | \|
| | |
Locates | Locates
configuration | configuration
| | |
|\ | /|
| \ | ___________/ |
| \ | / DHCPACK |
| \ _______ |/ |
| DHCPACK\ | |
| Initialization |
| complete |
| \| |
| | |
| (Subsequent |
| DHCPACKS |
| ignored) |
| | |