en/practical0/practical0.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "455ba4ae",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Practical 0\n",
    "\n",
    "## Goals\n",
    "\n",
    "-   Understanding fundamentals of Python programming:\n",
    "-   Variables, data types, lists, sets and tuples.\n",
    "-   Conditional expressions and loops\n",
    "-   Sort\n",
    "-   Dictionary\n",
    "-   Files and user interaction\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "67a3a06a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise 1\n",
    "\n",
    "1\\. Comments\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "498d60d4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# This is a comment\n",
    "print(\"Bonjour\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d1018cba",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2\\. Variables\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "3a504eb6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# a variable\n",
    "message = \"le monde!\"\n",
    "print(message)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "1e5f97f1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 10\n",
    "b = 20\n",
    "c = a + b\n",
    "print(c)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "78e40444",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# floating point numbers\n",
    "pi = 3.14\n",
    "print(pi)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0305b149",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# data types\n",
    "message1 = \"Bonjour\"\n",
    "a = 12\n",
    "pi = 3.14\n",
    "print(type(message1))\n",
    "print(type(a))\n",
    "print(type(pi))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d98dd021",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "3\\. Concatenation of two strings\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "db518461",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# concatenation of two strings\n",
    "message = \"le monde!\"\n",
    "print(\"Bonjour\" + message)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "94f0209f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# concatenation of two strings\n",
    "message1 = \"Bonjour \"\n",
    "message2 = \"le monde!\"\n",
    "print(message1 + message2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6f10293b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# concatenation involving two variables of different data types\n",
    "# operation + on two different data types\n",
    "\n",
    "# Uncomment the print statement and run the code\n",
    "message1 = \"Bonjour en Python\"\n",
    "a = 3\n",
    "# print(message1 + a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "96ee99f8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Why did you get this error? In the following code, we correct this error."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "804151c7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# concatenation solution involving two variables of different data types\n",
    "message1 = \"Bonjour en Python \"\n",
    "a = 3\n",
    "print(message1 + str(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d2f95220",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "4\\. Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "d17058a3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "b1fa70f8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "print(a[0])\n",
    "print(a[1])\n",
    "print(a[2])\n",
    "print(a[3])\n",
    "print(a[4])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "cfcda3f4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Uncomment the print statement and run the code\n",
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "# print(a[8])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7ca8a672",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Why did you get this error? We are trying to access a element at an index that does not exist."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "38e2c536",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "message1 = \"Bonjour en Python \"\n",
    "print(message1[0])\n",
    "print(message1[1])\n",
    "print(message1[2])\n",
    "print(message1[3])\n",
    "print(message1[4])\n",
    "print(message1[5])\n",
    "print(message1[6])\n",
    "print(message1[7])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "3f55664b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The above code displayed the individual characters in the string (or list of characters).\n",
    "We will now get the length of this string."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "f92dc4d2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "message1 = \"Bonjour en Python \"\n",
    "print(len(message1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b208a6fa",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Nous allons maintenant créer une liste d'entiers. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6e490491",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "print(len(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "1c6853d0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "\n",
    "# add a new number at the end of the list\n",
    "a.append(60)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "4b0fa01a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "\n",
    "# modify a number at a particular index\n",
    "a[0] = 0\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "24b7c38b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Why did we get this error? We are modifying an element at a non-existing index."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "aaed07ca",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Uncomment the assignment statement and run the code\n",
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "# a[6] = 20\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "e947aebd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "\n",
    "# inserting an element at a particular index will modify the list\n",
    "a.insert(0, 0)\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(len(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "bbb38ad3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "a.insert(6, 60)\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(len(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "9e9683f4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "\n",
    "# We will now try to insert a number at an index greater than the length\n",
    "# of the list. We will see that we do not get any error and the new number\n",
    "# is added at the end of the list\n",
    "a.insert(10, 60)\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(len(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "dca64c02",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "5\\. Tuples (non-modifiable lists)\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ee23a3b7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "001282b3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)\n",
    "print(a[0])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "f10ca12c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)\n",
    "\n",
    "# We now try to modify a tuple\n",
    "# Uncomment the code below and run the code\n",
    "# A tupe is a non-modifiable list\n",
    "\n",
    "# a[0] = 0\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d6374c85",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "6\\. Sets\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "302e99a5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# A set is a collection of distinct elements\n",
    "a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "93647905",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}\n",
    "a.add(10)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "2cb3753c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}\n",
    "a.add(60)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6a9b97f8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}\n",
    "a.remove(40)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5d77b67f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We will now try different data types with the numbers and print the result"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "caa57307",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# set\n",
    "a = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(type(a))\n",
    "\n",
    "# tuple\n",
    "b = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50)\n",
    "print(b)\n",
    "print(type(b))\n",
    "\n",
    "# list\n",
    "c = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "print(c)\n",
    "print(type(c))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9cd925db",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise 2\n",
    "\n",
    "1\\. Conditional Expressions\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "bb1d18a4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 12\n",
    "if a % 2 == 0:\n",
    "    print(a, \" is divisible by 2\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(a, \" is not divisible by 2\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "bb094b63",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "lang = \"Français\"\n",
    "if lang == \"Français\":\n",
    "    print(\"Bonjour le monde!\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Hello World!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "d1c6f341",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2\\. Loops\n",
    "\n",
    "Loops can also be used to access the elements at different indices."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "c0c912a8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "2bf1d516",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "9c386cdb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50}:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "20d2f57f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2\\. Range\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "18056a6f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(0, 10):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "d4f1ee8f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(0, 10, 2):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "dc273e09",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# print() by default displays the message followed by a new line\n",
    "# But you can change its behaviour\n",
    "for i in range(0, 10, 2):\n",
    "    print(i, end=\" \")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "66655977",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10, 0, -2):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "da5f3786",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10, 0):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "719d846c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "split(): the function can be used to separate a string using a specified delimited. \n",
    "    By default, the delimiter is a white space."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ee55bba1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in \"Bonjour,le,monde!\".split():\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "2fe8a9b8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in \"Bonjour,le,monde!\".split(\",\"):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "bcb14d29",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Write a program in Python to display the following output\n",
    "\n",
    "  \n",
    " 1\n",
    " \n",
    " 12\n",
    " \n",
    " 123\n",
    " \n",
    " 1234\n",
    " \n",
    " 12345\n",
    " \n",
    " 123456\n",
    " \n",
    " 1234567\n",
    " \n",
    " 12345678"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ac2cac2b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise 3\n",
    "\n",
    "1\\. Sort\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "d0683123",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "num = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "num.sort()\n",
    "print(num)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "19ce3757",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2\\. Sort (decreasing order)\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "f69f8985",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "num = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "num.sort(reverse=True)\n",
    "print(num)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "34241458",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "3\\. minimum\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "f233c3c1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "num = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "print(min(num))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2638cb57",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "4\\. maximum\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "1639186a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "num = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50]\n",
    "print(max(num))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2d0c0bcc",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "5\\. sorted()\n",
    "\n",
    "You can use the function if you do not wish to modify your initial list by sorting."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "d1664836",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "num = [70, 20, 30, 10, 50, 60, 20, 80, 70, 50]\n",
    "sortednum = sorted(num, reverse=True)\n",
    "print(num)\n",
    "print(sortednum)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0036f913",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Modify the code given below to display the five greatest unique numbers.\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "69d51b89",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "num = [70, 20, 30, 10, 50, 60, 20, 80, 70, 50]\n",
    "\n",
    "# select first five numbers\n",
    "sortednum = sorted(num, reverse=True)[:5]\n",
    "print(sortednum)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "1b0b399f-15b1-4232-bb27-26c6317da24b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "We can also use the function for strings."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "19a54b39",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "print(sorted(\"Bonjour le monde!\".split(), key=str.lower, reverse=True))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ed29eb58",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise 4\n",
    "\n",
    "1\\. Dictionary\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "13d5b12c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2}\n",
    "print(a)\n",
    "print(type(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a65f8a9f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2}\n",
    "for key in a:\n",
    "    print(\"The word \", key, \" apparait \", a[key], \" fois\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5393d1aa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2}\n",
    "for key, value in a.items():\n",
    "    print(\"The word \", key, \" apparait \", value, \" fois\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "65276372",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2}\n",
    "a[\"joie\"] = 10\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "b9aa1a05",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2}\n",
    "del a[\"triste\"]\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "25f662f3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mots = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2, \"joie\": 10}\n",
    "print(sorted(mots))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "35f02880",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "mots = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2, \"joie\": 10}\n",
    "mots_tuple = [(key, value) for key, value in mots.items()]\n",
    "print(mots_tuple)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9b54ef22",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2\\. itemgetter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "eb3cbd38",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from operator import itemgetter\n",
    "\n",
    "mots = {\"contente\": 12, \"content\": 12, \"triste\": 2, \"joie\": 10}\n",
    "mots_tuple = [(key, value) for key, value in mots.items()]\n",
    "print(sorted(mots_tuple, key=itemgetter(1)))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5e6f3f3f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "3\\. Interaction with user"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "f8256c96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# nom = input(\"Quel est votre nom?\")\n",
    "# print(nom)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "9b3b1a61",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# age = input(\"Quel est votre âge? \")\n",
    "# print(age)\n",
    "# print(type(age))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "254a8fc4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# age = input(\"Quel est votre âge? \")\n",
    "# age = int(age)\n",
    "# print(age)\n",
    "# print(type(age))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "148c8d81",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Question:** Write a program in Python that interacts with the user to\n",
    "obtain the following information of 5 students:\n",
    "\n",
    "-   Name of student\n",
    "-   Age\n",
    "-   Grades in 5 modules\n",
    "\n",
    "Once the information for all the five students is obtained, calculate\n",
    "and display the following values for every module:\n",
    "\n",
    "-   average grade\n",
    "-   maximum grade\n",
    "-   minimum grade\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "66a9f549",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Exercise 5\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "82f4ae45",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "1\\. Files\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "debe1068",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "message = \"Bonjour le monde\"\n",
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n",
    "    file.write(message)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "05382bac",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n",
    "    text = file.read()\n",
    "    print(text)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "3d3f7d0a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "message1 = \"Bonjour le monde\"\n",
    "message2 = \"Programmation en Python\"\n",
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n",
    "    file.write(message1)\n",
    "    file.write(message2)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "5e0642ed",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n",
    "    text = file.read()\n",
    "    print(text)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "8726a219",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "message1 = \"Bonjour le monde\\n\"\n",
    "message2 = \"Programmation en Python\"\n",
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n",
    "    file.write(message1)\n",
    "    file.write(message2)\n",
    "file.close()\n",
    "\n",
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n",
    "    text = file.read()\n",
    "    print(text)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e9bedad4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "2\\. readline()\n",
    "\n",
    "This function can be used to read a file line by line and not the complete content in a single call like read()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "e4e49d3b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "message1 = \"Bonjour le monde\\n\"\n",
    "message2 = \"Programmation en Python\"\n",
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n",
    "    file.write(message1)\n",
    "    file.write(message2)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "3cee32c6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n",
    "    text = file.readline()\n",
    "    print(text)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0e411aef",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "message1 = \"Bonjour le monde\\n\"\n",
    "message2 = \"Programmation en Python\\n\"\n",
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"w\") as file:\n",
    "    file.write(message1)\n",
    "    file.write(message2)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "ad76888d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "with open(\"bonjour.txt\", \"r\") as file:\n",
    "    for line in file:\n",
    "        print(line)\n",
    "file.close()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "01c3c72b",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Question:** Copy any HTML file in your home directory. Write a program\n",
    "in Python to get the following values:\n",
    "\n",
    "-   number of characters in the HTML file\n",
    "-   number of lines in the HTML file\n",
    "-   number of words in the HTML file\n",
    "-   first twenty words in the HTML file\n",
    "-   distinct words in the HTML file\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7c381c4f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Question:** Copy the CSV\n",
    "file population.csv from the **data** folder. The file contains the population values between\n",
    "1901 and 2016. Write a program in Python to get the maximum value.\n",
    "\n",
    "-   the maximum value of population\n",
    "-   the minimum value of population\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "406b36a3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "958185cc",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Numpy"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "99d56c44",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "763c7c87",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Matrix operations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "614abc1a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "b1 = [5, 6, 7, 8]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "772e6ce1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c1 = np.add(a1, b1)\n",
    "print(c1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "12f38a62",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c1 = np.subtract(a1, b1)\n",
    "print(c1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "f4eed2c4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c1 = np.multiply(a1, b1)\n",
    "print(c1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "698b0595",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c1 = np.multiply(4, b1)\n",
    "print(c1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "277ea1c3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c1 = np.dot(a1, b1)\n",
    "print(c1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "d5d8507a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c1 = np.dot(5, b1)\n",
    "print(c1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "d9cd5d17",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b1 = [5, 6, 7, 8]\n",
    "c1 = np.dot(a1, b1)\n",
    "print(c1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "9068eb12",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a1 = [1, 2]\n",
    "moyen = np.average(a1)\n",
    "print(moyen)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9d2d853e",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Matrix Transposition"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "9faee63c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b1 = [[5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]]\n",
    "print(b1)\n",
    "b1 = np.array(b1)\n",
    "print(b1.T)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ef4d5e1c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Split a matrix to two, horizontally and vertically"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a93fe450",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]]\n",
    "a = np.array(a)\n",
    "\n",
    "a = np.hsplit(a, [2])\n",
    "\n",
    "a1 = a[0]\n",
    "a2 = a[1]\n",
    "print(a1)\n",
    "print(a2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "1a563cc4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [[0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [1, 0, 0], [1, 1, 1]]\n",
    "a = np.array(a)\n",
    "\n",
    "a = np.vsplit(a, [2])\n",
    "\n",
    "a1 = a[0]\n",
    "a2 = a[1]\n",
    "print(a1)\n",
    "print(a2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e053ef50",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Operations on two-dimensional matrices"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6c1b5a55",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a2 = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4]]\n",
    "b2 = [[5, 6, 7, 8], [5, 6, 7, 8]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "eea69dbc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c2 = np.add(a2, b2)\n",
    "print(c2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "0b5e4acc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c2 = np.subtract(a2, b2)\n",
    "print(c2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "364f6383",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "c2 = np.multiply(a2, b2)\n",
    "print(c2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "247cb456",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a2 = [[1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4]]\n",
    "a2 = np.array(a2)\n",
    "b2 = [[5, 6, 7, 8], [5, 6, 7, 8]]\n",
    "b2 = np.array(b2)\n",
    "c2 = np.dot(a2, b2.T)\n",
    "print(c2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "2b3dcd53",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Change the shape of a matrix"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "60a62a65",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b2.reshape(4, 2)\n",
    "print(b2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "61f41ad8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Creation of a matrix with random numbers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "4c84ad73",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = np.random.rand()\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "b3e815f6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = np.random.rand(1)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a8291063",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = np.random.rand(2, 5)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "6bcde21a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = np.random.rand(2, 3, 3)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "33f9d1a5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = np.zeros(1)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "2d3197c6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = np.zeros(1, dtype=int)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "55cee533",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = np.zeros((2, 5), dtype=int)\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "7c7c0ba9",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Some functions to work with lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "c7d04536",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = [12, 13, 14, 15]\n",
    "a_reverse = reversed(a)\n",
    "\n",
    "for num in a_reverse:\n",
    "    print(num)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "a0911542",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "days = [\"dimanche\", \"lundi\", \"mardi\", \"mercredi\", \"jeudi\", \"vendredi\"]\n",
    "days_num = list(enumerate(days))\n",
    "print(days_num)\n",
    "\n",
    "days_num = list(enumerate(days, start=1))\n",
    "print(days_num)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "3972258b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "b1 = [5, 6, 7, 8]\n",
    "\n",
    "zipped = list(zip(a1, b1))\n",
    "print(zipped)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "c9f2e126",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a1 = [1, 2, 3, 4]\n",
    "b1 = [5, 6, 7, 8]\n",
    "\n",
    "ezipped = list(enumerate(zip(a1, b1)))\n",
    "print(ezipped)"
   ]
  }
 ],
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