This package contains the five models described in Development of multivariable models to predict perinatal depression before and after delivery using patient reported survey responses at weeks 4-10 of pregnancy
In the study the authors used survey responses answered during week 4 to week 10 of pregnancy to developed five models that predict risk of developing depression at five different time points (at week 12/13 of pregnancy, at week 21 of pregnancy, at week 32 of pregnancy, 4 weeks after delivery and 12 weeks after delivery).
Warning These models have been newly developed and have not been externally or prospectively validated. This package is intended to enable other researcher to validate the models. Until the models have been thoroughly validated, they should not be used to aid clinical decision making.
Our models are free to use.
The package uses the R library xgboost, so the models require the user to have xgboost installed. To install the PND package run the following code:
install.packages('devtools')
devtools::install_github('jreps/PND')The predictors for the model should be collected between week 4 to week 10 of pregnancy of women who are pregnant.
The predictors consist of:
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The EPDS survey as detailed in: Cox, J.L., Holden, J.M. and Sagovsky, R. 1987. Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, pp.782-786.
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The GAD survey as detailed in: Spitzer, R.L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J.B. and Löwe, B., 2006. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Archives of internal medicine, 166(10), pp.1092-1097.
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The PROMIS survey as detailed in: PROMIS Item Bank v2.0, Emotional Support Short Form 4a. Retrieved from http://www.healthmeasures.net/administrator/components/com_instruments/uploads/PROMIS SF v2.0 - Emotional Support 4a 6-23-2016.pdf [Google Scholar]
Variable: epds_b_1 corresponds to the question "I have been able to laugh and see the funny side of things:".
- 'As much as I always could' = 1
- 'Not quite so much now' = 2
- 'Definitely not so much now' = 3
- 'Not at all' = 4
Variable: epds_b_2 corresponds to the question "I have looked forward with enjoyment to things:".
- 'As much as I ever did' = 1
- 'Rather less than I used to' = 2
- 'Definitely less than I used to' = 3
- 'Hardly at all' = 4
Variable: epds_b_3 corresponds to the question "I have blamed myself unnecessarily when things went wrong:".
- 'Yes, most of the time' = 4
- 'Yes, some of the time' = 3
- 'Not very often' = 2
- 'No, never' = 1
Variable: epds_b_4 corresponds to the question "I have been anxious or worried for no good reason:".
- 'No, not at all' = 1
- 'Hardly ever' = 2
- 'Yes, sometimes' = 3
- 'Yes, very often' = 4
Variable: epds_b_5 corresponds to the question "I have felt scared or panicky for no very good reason:".
- 'Yes, quite a lot' = 4
- 'Yes, sometimes' = 3
- 'No, not much' = 2
- 'No, not at all' = 1
Variable: epds_b_6 corresponds to the question "Things have been getting on top of me:".
- 'Yes, most of the time I haven’t been able to cope at all' = 4
- 'Yes, sometimes I haven’t been coping as well as usual' = 3
- 'No, most of the time I have coped quite well' = 2
- 'No, I have been coping as well as ever' = 1
Variable: epds_b_7 corresponds to the question "I have been so unhappy that I have had difficulty sleeping:".
- 'Yes, most of the time' = 4,
- 'Yes, sometimes' = 3
- 'Not very often' = 2
- 'No, not at all' = 1
Variable: epds_b_8 corresponds to the question "I have felt sad or miserable:".
- 'Yes, most of the time' = 4,
- 'Yes, quite often' = 3
- 'Not very often' = 2
- 'No, not at all' = 1
Variable: epds_b_9 corresponds to the question "I have been so unhappy that I have been crying:".
- 'Yes, most of the time' = 4
- 'Yes, quite often' = 3
- 'Only occasionally' = 2
- 'No, never' = 1
Require permission from GAD authors to show questions. The answers to values are:
- 'Not at all' = 1
- 'Several days' = 2
- 'More than half the days' = 3
- 'Nearly every day' = 4
How often have you felt the sentiment stated in each of the sentences below?
Variable: pr_es_b_1 corresponds to the question "I have someone who will listen to me when I need to talk:".
- 'Never' = 1
- 'Rarely' = 2
- 'Sometimes' = 3
- 'Often' = 4
- 'Always' = 5
Variable: pr_es_b_2 corresponds to the question "I have someone to confide in or talk to about myself or my problems:".
- 'Never' = 1
- 'Rarely' = 2
- 'Sometimes' = 3
- 'Often' = 4
- 'Always' = 5
Variable: pr_es_b_3 corresponds to the question "I have someone who makes me feel appreciated:".
- 'Never' = 1
- 'Rarely' = 2
- 'Sometimes' = 3
- 'Often' = 4
- 'Always' = 5
Variable: pr_es_b_4 corresponds to the question "I have someone to talk with when I have a bad day:".
- 'Never' = 1
- 'Rarely' = 2
- 'Sometimes' = 3
- 'Often' = 4
- 'Always' = 5
For example, below we demonstrate how to use the package to calculate the risks for the five different time points. If a women who was 6 weeks pregnant answers 1 to all the survey responses, then her risks could calculated by running the following code:
library(PND)
data <- list(EPDS_B_1 = 1,
EPDS_B_2 = 1,
EPDS_B_3 = 1,
EPDS_B_4 = 1,
EPDS_B_5 = 1,
EPDS_B_6 = 1,
EPDS_B_7 = 1,
EPDS_B_8 = 1,
EPDS_B_9 = 1,
GAD_B_1 = 1,
GAD_B_2 = 1,
GAD_B_3 = 1,
GAD_B_4 = 1,
GAD_B_5 = 1,
GAD_B_6 = 1,
GAD_B_7 = 1,
GAD_B_8 = 1,
PR_ES_B_1 = 1,
PR_ES_B_2 = 1,
PR_ES_B_3 = 1,
PR_ES_B_4 = 1
)
applyPNDModels(data)