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Packages.txt
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Packages.txt
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# $NetBSD: Packages.txt,v 1.242 2002/04/02 21:04:31 seb Exp $
###########################################################################
==========================
Documentation on the
NetBSD Package System
==========================
Hubert Feyrer, Alistair Crooks
Table of contents:
==================
Run this command to produce a table of contents:
grep -B1 '^.====' Packages.txt | egrep -v '^.[-=]'
0 Intro
=======
There is a lot of software freely available for Unix based systems, which
usually runs on NetBSD, too, sometimes with some modifications. The NetBSD
packages collection incorporates any such changes necessary to make that
software run on NetBSD, and makes the installation (and re-installation) of
the software package easy by means of a single command.
The NetBSD package system is used to enable such freely available
third-party software to be built easily on NetBSD hosts. Once the software
has been built, it is manipulated with the pkg_* tools so that installation
and de-installation, printing of an inventory of all installed packages and
retrieval of one-line comments or more verbose descriptions are all simple.
Both the NetBSD packages collection and the NetBSD package system are
derived from FreeBSD.
0.1 Overview
============
This document is divided into two parts. The first, "User's Guide",
describes how one can use one of the packages in the Package
Collection, either by installing a precompiled binary package, or
by building your own copy using the NetBSD package system. The
second part, "Package Constructor's Guide", explains how to prepare
a package so it can be easily built by other NetBSD users without
knowing about the package's building details.
0.2 Terminology
===============
There has been a lot of talk about "ports", "packages", etc. so far. Here
is a description of all the terminology used within this document:
* Package:
A set of files and building instructions that describe what's necessary
to build a certain piece of software using the NetBSD package
system. Packages are traditionally stored under /usr/pkgsrc.
* The NetBSD package system:
This is the part of the NetBSD operating system handling building
(compiling), installing, and removing of packages.
* Distfile:
This term describes the file or files that are provided by the author
of the piece of freely available software to distribute his work. All
the changes necessary to build on NetBSD are reflected in the
corresponding package. Usually the distfile is in the form of a
compressed tar-archive, but other types are possible, too. Distfiles
are stored below /usr/pkgsrc/distfiles.
* Port:
This is the term used by FreeBSD people for what we call a package.
In NetBSD terminology, "port" refers to a different architecture.
* Precompiled (binary) package:
A set of binaries built by the NetBSD package system from a distfile
using the NetBSD package system and stuffed together in a single .tgz
file so it can be installed on machines of the same machine architecture
without the need to recompile. Packages are generated in
/usr/pkgsrc/packages by the NetBSD package system; there is also an
archive on ftp.netbsd.org.
Sometimes, this is referred to by the term "package" too,
especially in the context of precompiled packages.
* Program:
The piece of software to be installed which will be constructed from
all the files in the Distfile by the actions defined in the
corresponding package.
* NetBSD RCS IDs:
Some files in a package contain RCS IDs to reflect which version of
that file this is (inserted automatically by cvs). These IDs are used
in several examples within this document, but as this document itself
is managed by CVS, it can't list the RCS IDs in plaintext. Instead, the
$s are written as <$>, resulting in <$>NetBSD<$> and <$>Id<$>.
0.3 Typography
==============
Right now this document is written in plain ASCII text, and there's not
much typography applied here. Future versions may move to something like
HTML or DocBook, which have better ways theres.
When giving examples for commands, shell prompts are used to show if the
command should/can be issued as root, or if "normal" user privileges are
sufficient. We use a "#" for root's shell prompt, and a "%" for users'
shell prompt, assuming they use the C-shell or tcsh.
====================
Part I: User's Guide
====================
1 Installing a precompiled binary package
=========================================
This section describes how to find, retrieve and install a precompiled
binary package that someone else already prepared for your type of machine.
1.1 Where to get
================
Precompiled packages are stored on ftp.netbsd.org and its mirrors in the
directory /pub/NetBSD/packages for anon FTP access. Please pick the right
subdirectory there as indicated by "uname -p". In that directory, there
is a subdirectory for each category plus a subdirectory "All" which includes
the actual binaries in .tgz-files. The category subdirectories use symbolic
links to those files. (This is the same directory layout as in
/usr/pkgsrc/packages).
This same directory layout applies for CDROM distributions, only that the
directory may be rooted somewhere else, probably somewhere below /cdrom.
Please consult your CDROM's documentation for the exact location!
1.2 How to use
==============
If you have the files on a CDROM or downloaded them to your hard disk, you
can install them with the following command (be sure to su to root first):
# pkg_add /path/to/package.tgz
If you have FTP access and you don't want to download the packages via FTP
prior to installation, you can do this automatically by giving pkg_add an
ftp-URL:
# pkg_add ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD/packages/<OS Ver>/<arch>/All/package.tgz
If there is any doubt, the uname utility can be used to determine the
<OS Ver>, and <arch> by running "uname -rp".
Also note that any prerequisite packages needed to run the package in
question will be installed, too, assuming they are present where you install
from.
After you've installed packages, be sure to have /usr/pkg/bin in your $PATH
so you can actually start the just installed program.
1.3 A word of warning
=====================
Please pay very careful attention to the warnings expressed in that manual
page about the inherent dangers of installing binary packages which you did
not create yourself, and the security holes that can be introduced onto
your system by indiscriminate adding of such files.
2 Installing by Building
========================
This assumes that the package is already part of the NetBSD package system.
If it is not, then you are advised to read part II of this document,
"Package Constructor's Guide".
2.1 Requirements
================
To build packages from source on a NetBSD system the "comp" and the "text"
distribution sets must be installed. If you want to build X11 related
packages the "xbase" and "xcomp" distribution sets are required, too.
2.2 Where to get pkgsrc
=======================
There are three ways to get pkgsrc. Either as a tar file, via SUP, or
via CVS. All three ways are described here.
To get the package source going, you need to get the pkgsrc.tar.gz file
from ftp://ftp.netbsd.org/pub/NetBSD-current/tar_files/pkgsrc.tar.gz and
unpack it into /usr/pkgsrc.
As an alternative, you can get pkgsrc via the Software Update Protocol,
SUP. To do so, make sure your supfile has a line saying "release=pkgsrc" in
it, see the examples in /usr/share/examples/supfiles, and that the
directory /usr/pkgsrc does exist. Then, simply start "sup -v
/path/to/your/supfile".
To get pkgsrc via CVS, make sure you have cvs installed. If not present on
your system, it can be found as precompiled binary on ftp.netbsd.org.
To do an initial (full) checkout of pkgsrc, do the following steps:
% setenv CVSROOT anoncvs@anoncvs.netbsd.org:/cvsroot
% setenv CVS_RSH ssh
% cd /usr
% cvs checkout -P pkgsrc
This will create the "pkgsrc" directory in your /usr, and all the
package source will be stored under /usr/pkgsrc. To update pkgsrc
after the initial checkout, make sure you have CVS_RSH set as above,
then do:
% cd /usr/pkgsrc
% cvs -q update -dP
Please also note that it is possible to have multiple copies of the
pkgsrc hierarchy in use at any one time - all work is done relatively
within the pkgsrc tree.
2.3 Fetching distfiles
======================
There is one gotcha: The distribution file (i.e. the unmodified source)
must exist on your system for the packages system to be able to build it.
If it does not, then ftp(1) is used to fetch the distribution files
automatically.
You can overwrite some of the major distribution sites to fit to sites
that are close to your own. Have a look at
pkgsrc/mk/bsd.pkg.defaults.mk to find some examples - in particular,
look for the MASTER_SORT, MASTER_SORT_REGEX and INET_COUNTRY
definitions. This may save some of your bandwidth and time.
You can change these settings either in your shell's environment, or,
if you want to keep the settings, by editing the /etc/mk.conf file,
and adding the definitions there.
If you don't have a permanent Internet connection and you want to know
which files to download, "make fetch-list" will tell you what you'll need.
Put these distfiles into /usr/pkgsrc/distfiles.
2.4 How to build and install
============================
Assuming that the distfile has been fetched (see previous section), become
root and change into the relevant directory. Then you can type
% make
at the shell prompt to build the various components of the package, and
# make install
at the shell prompt to install the various components into the correct
places on your system.
Taking the top system utility as an example, we can install it on our
system by building as shown in appendix A.1.
The program is installed under the default root of the packages tree -
/usr/pkg. Should this not conform to your tastes, simply set the LOCALBASE
variable in your environment, and it will use that value as the root of
your packages tree. So, to use /usr/local, set
LOCALBASE=/usr/local
in your environment. Please note that you should use a root which is
dedicated to packages and not shared with other programs (ie, do not try
and use LOCALBASE=/usr). Also, you should not try to add any of your
own files or directories (such as, for example, src, obj, or pkgsrc) below
the LOCALBASE tree. This is to prevent possible conflicts between programs
and other files installed by the package system and whatever else may have
been installed there.
There is, of course, one exception to this - X11 packages are traditionally
installed in the X11 tree. The definition used to identify the root of the
X11 tree is the X11BASE definition.
It is possible to install X11 packages in the LOCALBASE tree, for
which you must install the xpkgwedge package
(pkgsrc/pkgtools/xpkgwedge) - see section 7.1 for further details.
Some packages look in /etc/mk.conf to alter some configuration options
at build time. Have a look at pkgsrc/mk/bsd.pkg.defaults.mk to
get an overview of what will be set there by default. Environment
variables such as LOCALBASE, and X11BASE can be set in /etc/mk.conf to
save having to remember to set them each time you want to use pkgsrc.
If you want to de-install and re-install a binary package that you've
created (see next section), that you put into pkgsrc/packages manually or
that's located on a remote FTP server, you can use the the "bin-install"
target. This target will install a binary package - if available - via
pkg_add, and do a "make package" else. The list of remote FTP sites
searched is kept in the variable BINPKG_SITE, which defaults to
ftp.netbsd.org. Any flags that should be added to pkg_add(8) can be put
into BIN_INSTALL_FLAGS. See pkgsrc/mk/bsd.pkg.defaults.mk for more details.
A final word of warning: If you setup a system that has a non-standard
setting for LOCALBASE (or X11BASE, for that matter), be sure to set that
before any packages are installed, as you can not use several directories
for the same purpose. Doing so will result in pkgsrc not being able to
properly detect your installed packages, and fail miserably. Note also that
precompiled binary packages are usually built with the default LOCALBASE of
/usr/pkg, and that you should *not* install any if you use a non-standard
LOCALBASE.
3 Making precompiled packages
=============================
3.1 Packaging a single package
==============================
Once you have built and installed the package as mentioned above, you can
build it into a "binary package" - you might want to do this so that you
can use the binaries you have just built on another NetBSD system, or to
provide a simple means for others to use your binary package instead of
wasting CPU time - this is done by changing to the appropriate directory in
the pkgsrc tree, and typing the command
# make package
at the shell prompt. This will build and install your package (if not
already done), and then construct a binary package out of the results so
that you can use the pkg_* tools to manipulate this. The binary package is
stored under /usr/pkgsrc/packages, it's in the form of a gzipped file at
the present time. See appendix A.2 for a continuation of the above top
example.
Please see the "submitting" section later in this document on how to submit
such a binary package.
3.2 Doing a bulk build of all packages
======================================
If you want to get a full set of precompiled binary packages, this section
describes how to get them. Beware that the bulk build will remove all
currently installed packages from your your system! Having a FTP server
configured either on the machine doing the bulk builds or on a nearby NFS
server can help to make the packages available to everyone. See ftpd(8) for
more information. If you use a remote NFS server's storage, be sure to not
actually compile on NFS storage, as this slows things down a lot.
3.2.1 Configuration
===================
3.2.1.1 /etc/mk.conf
====================
You may want to set things in /etc/mk.conf. Look at
pkgsrc/mk/bsd.pkg.defaults.mk for details of the default settings.
You will want to make sure that ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES meet your local
policy:
DEPENDS_TARGET?= bulk-install
PACKAGES?= ${_PKGSRCDIR}/packages/${MACHINE_ARCH}
WRKOBJDIR?= /usr/tmp/pkgsrc # build here instead of in pkgsrc
BSDSRCDIR= /usr/src
BSDXSRCDIR= /usr/xsrc # for x11/xervers
OBJHOST?= yes # use work.`hostname`
BATCH= yes # required for bulk builds
FAILOVER_FETCH= yes # insist on the correct checksum
PKG_DEVELOPER?= yes
ACCEPTABLE_LICENSES= shareware \
fee-based-commercial-use \
mosaic-license \
no-profit \
no-commercial-use \
non-commercial-use \
limited-redistribution \
kermit-license \
sun-swing-license \
sun-jsdk20-license
If you wish to use xpkgwedge for the entire build, then add:
BULK_PREREQ+= pkgtools/xpkgwedge
Other packages which must be installed during the bulk build to modify the
build behaviour may be added to the BULK_PREREQ variable. Note that currently
the only package for which BULK_PREREQ makes sense is xpkgwedge.
3.2.1.2 build.conf
==================
In pkgsrc/mk/bulk, copy ``build.conf-example'' to ``build.conf'' and
edit it, following the comments in that file. This is the config
file that determines where log files are generated after the build,
where to mail the build report, where your pkgsrc is located and
which user to su(8) to to do a 'cvs update'.
3.2.1.3 pre-build.local
=======================
It is possible to configure the bulk build to perform certain site
specific tasks at the end of the pre-build stage. If the file
``pre-build.local'' exists in pkgsrc/mk/bulk it will be executed
(as a sh(1) script) at the end of the usual pre-build stage. An
example use of pre-build.local is to have the line:
# echo "I do not have enough disk space to build this pig." \
> pkgsrc/games/crafty-book-enormous/$BROKENF
to prevent the system from trying to build a particular package
which requires nearly 3 Gb of disk space.
3.2.2 Other environmental considerations
========================================
As /usr/pkg will be completely deleted at the start of bulk builds,
make sure your login shell is placed somewhere else. Either drop it into
/usr/local/bin (and adjust your login shell in the password file), or
(re-)install it via pkg_add from /etc/rc.local, so you can login after a
reboot (remember that your current process won't die if the package is
removed, you just can't start any new instances of the shell any more).
Also, if you use a OS version below 1.5 or you still want to use the
pkgsrc version of ssh for some reason, be sure to install ssh before
starting it from rc.local:
( cd /usr/pkgsrc/security/ssh ; make bulk-install )
if [ -f /usr/pkg/etc/rc.d/sshd ]; then
/usr/pkg/etc/rc.d/sshd
fi
Not doing so will result in you being not able to log in via ssh
after the bulk build is finished or if the machine gets rebooted
or crashes. You have been warned! :)
3.2.3 Operation
===============
Make sure you don't need any of the packages still installed.
BEWARE: During the bulk build, ALL packages will be removed!!!
Be sure to remove all other things that might interfere with builds, like
some libs installed in /usr/local, etc. then become root and type:
# cd /usr/pkgsrc
# sh mk/bulk/build
If for some reason your last build didn't complete (power failure,
system panic, ...), you can continue it by running:
# sh mk/bulk/build restart
At the end of the bulk run, you will get a summary via mail, and find
build logs in the directory specified by "FTP" in the "build.conf"
file.
3.2.4 What it does
==================
The bulk builds consist of three steps:
1. pre-build: The script updates your pkgsrc via (anon)cvs, then cleans
out any broken distfiles, and removes all packages installed.
2. the bulk build: This is basically 'make bulk-package' with an optimised
order in which packages will be built. Packages that don't require
other packages will be built first, and packages with many depends
will be built later.
3. post-build: Generates a report that's placed in the directory specified
in the build.conf file named ``broken.html'', a short version of
that report will also be mailed to the build's admin.
During the build, a list of broken packages will be compiled in
/usr/pkgsrc/.broken (or .../.broken.${MACHINE} if OBJMACHINE is set),
individual build logs of broken builds can be found in the package's
directory. These files are used by the bulk-targets to mark broken builds
to not waste time trying to rebuild them, and they can be used to debug
these broken package builds later.
3.2.5 Disk space requirements
=============================
Currently, roughly the following requirements are valid for
1.5/i386:
* Distfiles: 1500MB (NFS ok)
* Full set of all binaries: 1000MB (NFS ok)
* Temp space for compiling: 1500MB (local disk recommended)
For 1.5/alpha:
* Full set of all binaries: 1300MB (NFS ok)
Note that all pkgs will be de-installed as soon as they are turned into a
binary package, and that work-sources are removed, so there is no huge
demand to disk space. Afterwards, if the package is needed again, it will
be installed via pkg_add instead of building again, so there are no cycles
wasted by recompiling.
3.2.6 Setting up a sandbox for chroot'ed builds
===============================================
If you don't want all the pkgs nuked from a machine (rendering it useless
for anything but pkg compiling), there the possibility of doing the pkg
bulk build inside a chroot environment.
The first step to do so is setting up a chroot sandbox, e.g. /usr/sandbox.
After extracting all the sets from a NetBSD installation or doing a
"make distribution DESTDIR=/usr/sandbox" in src/etc, make sure the following
items are present and properly configures:
* kernel (/netbsd)
* /dev/* (cd /usr/sandbox/dev ; sh MAKEDEV all)
* /etc/resolv.conf (for security/snmpd and mail)
* working(!) mail config (hostname, sendmail.cf)
* /etc/localtime (for security/snmpd)
* /usr/src (system sources, for sysutils/aperture, net/ppp-mppe)
* create /var/db/pkg (not part of default install)
* create /usr/pkg (not part of default install)
* checkout pkgsrc from cvs, into /usr/sandbox/usr/pkgsrc
* /usr/pkgsrc/packages & .../distfiles (point outside of sandbox)
* /etc/mk.conf, see 3.2.1.1
* adjust .../mk/bulk/build.conf
!!! Don't forget to install X !!!
Next thing you will want to is make sure /usr/sandbox/usr/pkgsrc contains a
fresh checkout of pkgsrc (e.g. from anoncvs). Do not mount/link this to the
copy of your pkgsrc tree you do development in, as this will likely cause
problems! Adjust .../pkgsrc/packages and .../pkgsrc/distfiles to point to
some places outside the sandbox if you want to make the files public.
Then, configure .../pkgsrc/mk/bulk/build.conf to fit your needs!
When the chroot sandbox is setup, you can start the build with the following
steps:
# cd /usr/sandbox/usr/pkgsrc
# sh mk/bulk/do-sandbox-build
This will just jump inside the sandbox and start thrash^Wbuilding.
At the end of the build, mail will be sent with the results of the build.
Created binary pkgs will be in /usr/sandbox/usr/pkgsrc/packages (whereever
that points/mounts to/from).
3.3 Creating a multiple CD-ROM packages collection
==================================================
After your bulk pkgsrc build has completed, you may wish to create a CD-ROM
set of the resulting binary packages to assist in installing packages on
other machines. The package pkgsrc/pkgtools/cdpack provides a simple tool for
creating the ISO 9660 images. `cdpack' arranges the packages on the CD-ROM's
in a way that keeps all the dependencies for given package on the same
CD as that package.
3.3.1 Example of cdpack
=======================
Complete documentation for cdpack is found in cdpack(1). The following
short example assumes that the binary packages are left in
/usr/pkgsrc/packages/All and that sufficient disk space exists in /u2
to hold the ISO 9660 images.
# mkdir /u2/images
# pkg_add /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All/cdpack
# cdpack /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All /u2/images
If you wish to include a common set of files (COPYRIGHT, README, etc)
on each CD in the collection, then you need to create a directory which
contains these files. For example
# mkdir /tmp/common
# echo "This is a README" > /tmp/commmon/README
# echo "Another file" > /tmp/common/COPYING
# mkdir /tmp/common/bin
# echo "#!/bin/sh" > /tmp/common/bin/myscript
# echo "echo Hello world" >> /tmp/common/bin/myscript
# chmod 755 /tmp/common/bin/myscript
Now create the images with
# cdpack -x /tmp/common /usr/pkgsrc/packages/All /u2/images
and each image will contain "README", "COPYING", and "bin/myscript"
in their root directories.
====================================
Part II: Package Constructor's Guide
====================================
4 Package components - files, directories and contents
======================================================
Whenever you're preparing a package, there are a number of files involved
which are described in the following sections.
4.1 Makefile
============
Building, installation and creation of a binary package are all controlled
by the package's Makefile.
There is a Makefile for each package. This file includes the standard
bsd.pkg.mk file (referenced as "../../mk/bsd.pkg.mk"), which sets all the
definitions and actions necessary for the package to compile and install
itself. The mandatory fields are the DISTNAME which specifies the base name
of the distribution file to be downloaded from the site on the Internet,
MASTER_SITES which specifies that site, CATEGORIES which denotes the
categories into which the package falls, PKGNAME which is the name of the
package, the MAINTAINER name, and the COMMENT variable, which should
contain a one-line description of the package (the package name should not
appear, it will be added automatically). The maintainer variable is there
so that anyone who quibbles with the (always completely correct) decisions
taken by the guy who maintains the port can complain vigorously.
The MASTER_SITES may be set to one of the predefined sites:
${MASTER_SITE_XCONTRIB}
${MASTER_SITE_GNU}
${MASTER_SITE_PERL_CPAN}
${MASTER_SITE_TEX_CTAN}
${MASTER_SITE_SUNSITE}
${MASTER_SITE_GNOME}
${MASTER_SITE_SOURCEFORGE}
If one of these predefined sites is chosen, you may require the ability to
specify a subdirectory of that site. Since these macros may expand to
more than one actual site, you MUST use the following construct to specify
a subdirectory:
${MASTER_SITE_GNU:=subdirectory/name/}
(Note the trailing slash after the subdirectory name.) Use of the deprecated
MASTER_SITE_SUBDIR will not work.
If the package has multiple DISTFILES or multiple PATCHFILES from different
sites, set SITES_foo to a list of URI's where file "foo" may be found. "foo"
includes the suffix, e.g.
DISTFILES=${DISTNAME}${EXTRACT_SUFX}
DISTFILES+=foo-file.tar.gz
SITES_foo-file.tar.gz=http://www.somewhere.com/somehow/ \
http://www.somewhereelse.com/mirror/somehow/
Note, that the normal default setting of DISTFILES must be made explicit
if you want to add to it (rather than replace it), as you usually would.
Currently the following values are available for CATEGORIES. If more than
one is used, they need to be separated by spaces:
archivers audio benchmarks biology cad
chat comms converters cross databases
devel editors emulators finance fonts
games graphics ham japanese lang
mail math mbone misc net
news parallel print security shells
sysutils textproc time wm www
x11
See the NetBSD packages(7) manual page for a description of all available
options and variables.
Please pay attention to the following gotchas:
- Add MANCOMPRESSED (if not already there) if manpages are installed in
compressed form by the package; see comment in bsd.pkg.mk
- Replace /usr/local by ${PREFIX} in all files (see patches below)
- If the package installs any info files, see the section `Packages providing
info files' in this document.
- Adjust MAINTAINER to be either yourself, if you plan to maintain the
package for future updates, or set it to the default MAINTAINER
packages@netbsd.org.
- If there exists a home page for the software in question, please
add the variable HOMEPAGE right after MAINTAINER. The value of this
variable should be the URL for the home page.
- Please also set the COMMENT variable to a short description of the
package.
4.2 distinfo
============
Most important, the mandatory message digest, or checksum, of all the
distfiles needed for the package to compile, confirming they match the
original file distributed by the author. This ensures that the
distfile retrieved from the Internet has not been corrupted during
transfer or altered by a malign force to introduce a security hole.
It is best generated using the "make makesum" command. The digest
algorithm used was, at one stage, md5, but that was felt lacking
compared to sha1, and so sha1 is now the default algorithm. The
distfile size is also generated and stored in new distinfo files.
The pkgsrc/pkgtools/digest utility calculates all of the digests
in the distinfo file, and it provides various different algorithms.
At the current time, the algorithms provided are:
md5, rmd160, sha1, sha256, sha384 and sha512
Some packages have different sets of distfiles on a per architecture
basis. (A good example is pkgsrc/www/navigator). These are kept in the
same distinfo file and care should be taken when upgrading such a
package to ensure distfile information is not lost.
The message digest/checksum for all the official patches found in the
patches/ directory (see section 4.3) for the package is also stored in
the distinfo file. This is a message digest/checksum of all lines in
the patch file except the NetBSD RCS Id. This file is generated by
invoking "make makepatchsum".
4.3 patches/*
=============
This directory contains files that are used by the patch(1) command to
modify the sources as distributed in the distribution file into a form that
will compile and run perfectly on NetBSD. The files are applied
successively in alphabetic order (as returned by a shell "patches/patch-*"
glob expansion), so patch-aa is applied before patch-ab etc.
The patch-?? files should be in "diff -bu" format, and apply without
a fuzz to avoid problems (To force patches to apply with fuzz you
can set PATCH_FUZZ_FACTOR=-F2). Furthermore, do not put changes
for more than one file into a single patch-file, as this will make
future modifications more difficult.
Similar, a file should be patched at most once, not several times by
several different patches. If a file needs several patches, they should
be combined into one file.
One important thing to mention is to pay attention that no RCS IDs
get stored in the patch files, as these will cause problems when
later checked into the NetBSD CVS tree. To avoid this, use either
the "-U 2" or "-U 1" option to diff, or let the 'pkgdiff' command
from pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdiff help you.
If you don't want to worry about the problems in the last two paragraphs
yourself, use pkgdiff from the pkgsrc/pkgtools/pkgdiff package, which takes
care of any RCS Ids by itself.
For even more automation, we recommend using mkpatches from the same
package to make a whole set of patches. You just have to backup files
before you edit them to "filename.orig", e.g. with "cp -p filename
filename.orig" or, easier, by using pkgvi from the same package. If you
upgrade a package this way, you can easily compare the new set of patches
with the previously existing one with patchdiff.
When you have finished a package, remember to generate the checksums
for the patch files by using the "make makepatchsum" command, see
section 4.2.
If it is desired to store any patches that should not be committed into
pkgsrc, they can be kept outside the pkgsrc tree in the $LOCALPATCHES
directory. The directory tree there is expected to have the same
"category/package" structure as pkgsrc, and patches are expected to be
stored inside these dirs (also known as $LOCALPATCHES/$PKGPATH). For
example if you want to keep a private patch for pkgsrc/graphics/png, keep
it in $LOCALPATCHES/graphics/png/mypatch. All files in the named directory
are expected to be patch files, and they are applied after the "normal"
pkgsrc patches are applied.
4.4 Other mandatory files
=========================
* DESCR:
A multi-line description of the piece of software. This should include
any credits where they are due. Please bear in mind that others do not
share your sense of humour (or spelling idiosyncrasies), and that others
will read everything that you write here.
* PLIST:
This file governs the files that are installed on your system: all the
binaries, manual pages, etc. There are other directives which may be
entered in this file, to control the creation and deletion of
directories, and the location of inserted files.
4.5 Optional files
==================
* INSTALL:
Shell script invoked twice during pkg_add. First time after package
extraction and before files are moved in place, the second time after
the files to install are moved in place. This can be used to do any
custom procedures not possible with @exec commands in PLIST. See
pkg_add(1) and pkg_create(1) for more information.
* DEINSTALL:
This script is executed before and after any files are removed. It is
this script's responsibility to clean up any additional messy details
around the package's installation, since all pkg_delete knows is how to
delete the files created in the original distribution. See pkg_delete(1)
and pkg_create(1) for more information.
* MESSAGE:
Display this file after installation of the package.
Useful for things like legal notices on almost-free software, etc.
Please note that you can modify variables in it easily by using
MESSAGE_SUBST in the package's Makefile:
MESSAGE_SUBST+= SOMEVAR="somevalue"
replaces
${SOMEVAR}
in MESSAGE with "somevalue" before displaying the message.
4.6 work/*
==========
When you type "make" the distribution files are unpacked into this
directory. It can be removed by typing
# make clean
at the shell prompt. Also, this directory is used to keep various
timestamp files.
4.7 files/*
===========
If you have any files that you wish to be placed in the package prior
to configuration or building, you could place these files here and use
a ${CP} command in the pre-configure target to achieve this.
Alternatively, you could simply diff the file against /dev/null and
use the patch mechanism to manage the creation of this file.
5 PLIST* issues
===============
This section addresses some special issues that one needs to pay attention
to when dealing with the PLIST file (or files, see below!).
5.1 Miscellaneous
=================
* NetBSD RCS Id:
Be sure to add a RCS ID line as the first thing in any PLIST file you
write:
@comment <$>NetBSD<$>
* ${MACHINE_ARCH}, ${MACHINE_GNU_ARCH}:
Some packages like emacs and perl embed information about which
architecture they were built on into the pathnames where they install
their file. To handle this case, PLIST will be preprocessed before
actually used, and the symbol "${MACHINE_ARCH}" will be replaced by
what "uname -p" gives. The same is done if the string ${MACHINE_GNU_ARCH}
is embedded in PLIST somewhere - use this on packages that use GNU
autoconfigure.
Legacy note: There used to be a symbol "<$ARCH>" that was replaced by
the output of "uname -m", but that's no longer supported and has been
removed.
* ${OPSYS}, ${OS_VERSION}:
Some packages want to embed the OS name and version into some paths.
to do this, use these two variables in PLIST. ${OPSYS} will be replaced
by output from "uname -s", ${OS_VERSION} will be set to what "uname -r"
gives.
* ${PKGLOCALEDIR}:
Packages that install locale files should list them in the PLIST as
"${PKGLOCALEDIR}/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/..." instead of
"share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/...". This properly handles the fact that
different OSes expect locale files to be either in "share" or "lib" by
default.
* Manpage-compression:
Manpages should be installed in compressed form if MANZ is set (in
bsd.own.mk), and uncompressed otherwise. To handle this in the PLIST
file, the suffix ".gz" is appended/removed automatically for manpages
according to MANZ and MANCOMPRESSED being set or not, see above for
details. This modification of the PLIST file is done on a copy of it,
not PLIST itself.
* Semi-automatic PLIST generation:
You can use the "make print-PLIST" command to output a PLIST that matches
any new files since the package was extracted. See below for more
information on this target.
5.2 ${PLIST_SRC}
================
To use one or more files as source for the PLIST used in generating the
binary package, set the variable PLIST_SRC to the names of that file(s).
The files are later concatenated using cat(1), and order of things is
important.
5.3 ${PLIST_SUBST}
==================
Similar to MESSAGE_SUBST (see above), you can add variables and their
expansions to this variable in the following way:
PLIST_SUBST+= SOMEVAR="somevalue"
which replaces all occurrences of ${SOMEVAR} in the PLIST with "somevalue".
For the values which are replaced by default, please look in bsd.pkg.mk
(and search for PLIST_SUBST).
5.4 Perl5 modules
=================
Perl5 modules will install into different places depending on the version
of perl used during the build process. To address this, the NetBSD
packages system will append lines to the PLIST corresponding to the files
listed in the installed .packlist file generated by most perl5 modules.
This is invoked by defining PERL5_PACKLIST to a space-separated list of
paths to packlist files:
PERL5_PACKLIST= ${PERL5_SITEARCH}/auto/Pg/.packlist
The variables PERL5_SITELIB, PERL5_SITEARCH, and PERL5_ARCHLIB represent
the three locations in which perl5 modules may be installed, and may be
used by perl5 packages that don't have a packlist. These three variables
are also substituted for in the PLIST.
6 Notes on fixes for packages
=============================
6.1 CPP defines
===============
To port an application to NetBSD, it's usually necessary for the compiler
to be able to judge the system on which it's compiling, and we use
definitions so that the C pre-processor can do this.
To test whether you are working on a 4.4 BSD-derived system, you should use
the BSD definition, which is defined in <sys/param.h> on said systems.
#include <sys/param.h>
and then you can surround the BSD-specific parts of your port using the
conditional:
#if (defined(BSD) && BSD >= 199306)
...
#endif
Please use the __NetBSD__ definition sparingly - it should only apply to
features of NetBSD that are not present in other 4.4-lite derived BSDs.
6.2 Shared libraries - libtool
==============================
Pkgsrc supports many different machines, with different object formats
like a.out and ELF, and varying abilities to do shared library and
dynamic loading at all. To accompany this, varying commands and options
have to be passed to the compiler, linker etc. to get the Right Thing,
which can be pretty annoying especially if you don't have all the
machines at your hand to test things. The "libtool" pkg can help
here, as it just "knows" how to build both static and dynamic
libraries from a set of source files, thus being platform
independent.
Here's how to use libtool in a pkg in seven simple steps:
1. Add USE_LIBTOOL= yes to the package Makefile.
2. For library objects, use "${LIBTOOL} --mode=compile ${CC}" in place of
${CC}. You could even add it to the definition of CC, if only
libraries are being built in a given Makefile. This one command will
build both PIC and non-PIC library objects, so you need not have
separate shared and non-shared library rules.
3. For the linking of the library, remove any "ar", "ranlib", and "ld
-Bshareable" commands, and use instead:
${LIBTOOL} --mode=link ${CC} -o ${.TARGET:.a=.la} ${OBJS:.o=.lo} -rpath ${PREFIX}/lib -version-info major:minor
Note that the library is changed to have a .la extension, and the
objects are changed to have a .lo extension. Change OBJS as necessary.
This automatically creates all of the .a, .so.major.minor, and ELF
symlinks (if necessary) in the build directory. Be sure to include
the -version-info especially when major and minor are zero, as libtool
will otherwise strip off the shared library version.
The "-release" option will produce different results for a.out and ELF
(excluding symlinks) in only one case. An ELF library of the form
libfoo-release.so.x.y will have a symlink of libfoo.so.x.y on an a.out