Which

World known regular command which, implemented as fully POSIX compliant sh shell function with no dependencies

Designed and developed in 2018 — 2024 by Juliy V. Chirkov under the MIT license.

Linted and tested against the bunch of 23 shell interpretters which meet POSIX specification and are available under Linux and Darwin (macOS) platforms nowadays.

The current (latest) implementation is v2.0.0 released at Jul 09 2024. This release delivers the fix for the commands locator routine along with a lot of significant improvements. Please refer to the changelog for details.

TOC

• Preamble
• The coverage
• Dependencies
• Install
• Testing
• Benchmarks
• Usage
  • Classic which
  • Which on steroids
• Bugs and features
• Support the creator

Preamble

The proposed implementation of world known regular old school command which has been developed as fully POSIX compliant sh shell function with the double goal

• to provide a decent reasonable alternative to the regular external which command for sh shell scripts. As a rule sh shell scripts depend on some external commands (binaries) so the best practice to avoid a script failure ʼcause of these dependencies is to check if all required external commands (binaries) exist, and the most widespread method is which command. But the thing is which command per se is external too, which inspires kinda chicken or the egg paradox. The proposed replica has been designed as fully POSIX compliant sh shell function with no dependencies to resolve this paradox
• to cover the lionsʼ share of interpreters in their kinda strict mode, when these shells meet POSIX specification acting like sh, the standard command language interpreter

The coverage

This which replica had been tested across and confirmed to run the same brilliant way with interpreters ash, bash, busybox sh, dash, ksh, loksh, mksh, oksh, pdksh, posh, yash and zsh.

Each interpretter in a row has been involved for test rounds in both regular and strict POSIXmodes. The last one has been achieved by launching shells thru sh symlink.

Interpretters from the above list running under sh name turn to act the strict POSIX way to be extremely close to the standard sh interpretter by default, thus making the testing phase much easier.

Dependencies

No dependencies. The whole thing is built on POSIX compliant builtins.

Install

Since which is simply a standalone sh function, thereʼs no need neither to install it nor even to make its source file executable.

• just fetch the code to your local storage (the link below will always lead you to the latest release)

curl -fsSLo "${HOME}/.local/share/which.sh" https://juliyvchirkov.dev/get/which.sh

• source it in your scripts

#!/usr/bin/env sh

[ -z "${SHDEBUG}" ] || set -vx

. "${HOME}/.local/share/which.sh"

• and utilize the way you like

Testing

Test suite is available under dev subfolder.

Use the following commands sequence to run tests.

git clone https://github.com/juliyvchirkov/sh.which.git -b v2.0.0 sh.which
cd sh.which
sh dev/run-tests.sh

The suite is built upon Shellspec (full-featured BDD unit testing framework for POSIX shells) v0.28.1. Test routines have been designed to utilize Shellcheck (static analysis tool for shell scripts) v0.10.0 for linting and to cover almost all of the shell interpretters listed above.

To run test thereʼs no need to preinstall neither Shellcheck nor Shellspec. The runner will do its best to manage required dependencies automatically keeping your system free of untracked garbage.

The basic dependency Shellspec will be fetched and installed to bin subfolder created under the dev.

Note

This note is dedicated to express my respect and gratitude to the author of Shellspec testing framework.

To select the modern test engine for this project Iʼve spent some time on experiments with a number of available frameworks focused on testing stuff for POSIX shells.

And I must admit Iʼve got heavily impressed how Shellspec benefits over others, first of all by its concept to deliver the human (developer) friendly testing environment and really useful ready-made helper tools out of the box.

Moreover, being focused on POSIX cross-platform shell scripts and shell script libraries, Shellspec is completely built on sh scripts and libraries itself, whick makes this framework platform independent and extremely portable.

The linter Shellcheck will be fetched and installed to the same subfolder as well, if possible. The binaries for fetching and install are available for x86_64 and arm64 architectures of Linuxor Darwin (macOS) platforms. If your system doesnʼt match, the runner script should try to utilize your local shellcheckcommand if youʼve got one preinstalled, and will skip the linting routine otherwise.

The runner also have been designed to utilize no shell interpretters except those you have already preinstalled. If some shell from the list is not available at a system, the corresponding tests will be skipped.

Important

Tests against loksh and pdksh shells have been excluded from the suite since these interpretters force Shellspec inner shell inspection routine stuck with this inspection for ages.

The same glitch makes tests against oksh interpretter to be available only for Darwin (macOS) platform.

In turn, tests against posh shell for Darwin platform have been excluded from the suite ʼcause the release of this interpretter delivered with brew for macOS is broken.

Tip

Since the installed dependencies occupy about 45Mb of your local space, the fair desire would be to get this space back once the tests are over.

Please feel free to drop the whole bin folder under the dev and youʼre done.

To make it fast and easy you are welcome to utilize the cleanup script sh dev/cleanup.sh implemented exactly for this purpose.

If you wish to re-run the tests later, the runner will fetch and instal required stuff the same way once again.

Benchmarks

The stats below have been collected at MacBook Air 13”, 2017 (2.2GHz dual-core Intel Core i7 with Turbo Boost up to 3.2GHz, 256KB L2 cache on each core and 4MB shared L3 cache, Intel HD Graphics 6000 1536MB, 8GB of 1600MHz LPDDR3 RAM and 512GB NVMe Storage) under macOS Ventura 13.6.6 (Darwin Kernel Version 22.6.0 Mon Feb 19 19:48:53 PST 2024).

	which -a which			which -s which			which -sa which
	real	user	sys	real	user	sys	real	user	sys
This replica	7.590	2.386	3.300	2.773	1.112	1.568	2.875	1.120	1.582
BSD which	14.006	2.406	7.178	5.403	1.537	3.334	5.599	1.556	3.509
GNU which	16.803	2.946	7.091	—	—	—	—	—	—
NodeJs which	205.846	145.041	38.102	184.100	132.084	30.539	184.657	133.711	30.570

Note

Under Darwin (macOS) BSD which command is located at /usr/bin/which, GNU which command is installed with brew to /usr/local/opt/gnu-which/libexec/gnubin/which and NodeJs which is placed by npm to /usr/local/bin/which.

For testing purposes the whole triple have been added to PATH.

As shown, the stats have been collected in three steps. On the first one (which -a which) this replica and the triple of which binaries have been reporting to /dev/stdout the same three lines

/usr/local/opt/gnu-which/libexec/gnubin/which
/usr/local/bin/which
/usr/bin/which

The second and third steps (which -s which and which -sa which) have been passed with no output due to the nature of -s option.

Important

GNU which command has been excluded from the second and third steps since it provides no -s option.

The reported units are seconds, accurate to milliseconds. The values represent the total time of 1000 rounds for each which on each step. The stats have been collected by running the following commands sequence at root folder of the repository.

dev/bin/sh.bash/sh

. src/which.classic.sh

rounds="$(seq 1 1000)"

time for round in ${rounds}; do /usr/local/opt/gnu-which/libexec/gnubin/which -a which; done

for option in -a -s -sa; do
    time for round in ${rounds}; do which "${option}" which; done
    time for round in ${rounds}; do /usr/bin/which "${option}" which; done
    time for round in ${rounds}; do /usr/local/bin/which "${option}" which; done
done

Usage

Classic which

The function has been designed to mimic the external classic which command as close as possible, so it completely meets the origin, except for one nuance.

The one and only significant difference and the only inconsistency of this replica vs the classic external which command is the subroutine when function launched with no arguments (or with an invalid option) provides much more detailed help screen than the origin does.

which

This inconsistency is necessary because unlike the external which command the function by its nature offers no detailed manual available thru man 1 which.

which: locates command(s) and reports to standard output

USAGE
    which [-as] command …
OPTIONS
    -a     print all matches
    -s     silently return 0 if all commands are located or 1 otherwise
EXIT STATUS
    0      all commands are located
    1      failed to locate some command(s)
    2      an invalid option is specified

Thereʼs also one more feature which being neither a difference nor an inconsistency worth to be annotated anyway.

Unlike the lionsʼ share of common shell script functions, this replica strictly honors the double dash -- option despite this fact is left behind the help screen.

The double dash option has the status of POSIX defined delimiter to indicate the end of options passed to a command or a function. The definition states Any arguments after the double dash -- should be treated as operands, even if they begin with the - character and in the field this delimiter is extremely useful thing to divide options and arguments with no doubts, especially when arguments include a file or a folder which name starts with dash -.

which -s -- -a-command-name-starting-with-dash

The above ignites the regular flow and the function will silenly return 0 if a command named -a-command-name-starting-with-dash exists or 1 otherwise.

which -s -a-command-name-starting-with-dash

But the same request with no double dash -- ends up with exit status 2 (mostly as a total surprise for an operator) along with a report of invald option printed on /dev/stderr.

which: invalid option — a-command-name-starting-with-dash

The example below, in turn, uncovers the other side of a coin when a regular routine due to the double dash -- gets broken.

which -a -- -s bash

-a is processed as usual, but -s is not treated as option anymore. The leading double dash turns it into a comand along with the following bash, and instead of expected silent exit status 0 on return the above construct leads to report(s) about located bash binary(ies) printed to /dev/stdout along with exit status 1, since -s command is unlikely to be located.

/usr/local/bin/bash
/bin/bash

The second common use case for the double dash -- delimiter is to divide arguments passed to some command or function and arguments which this command or function should transfer to another one.

#!/usr/bin/env sh

[ -z "${SHDEBUG}"] || set -vx

master() {
    while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
        if [ "${1}" = -- ]; then
            shift
            
            set -- "${@}"
            
            break
        fi
        # … processing arguments passed to the function
        
        shift
    done
    
    slave "${@}"
}

slave() {
# … 
}

master -apu -- -laz
# …

But the above is already kinda beyond the scope of this project.

The external classic which command also honors the double dash -- delimiter, despite its manual as well has no mentions on this topic, so for this case the replica exactly meets the origin.

All other features the function delivers and declares at the help screen vs implementations provided by origin which command are totally the same.

Note

The samples below have been produced under Darwin (macOS).

This assumes the one and only sh binary placed at /bin folder, and three binaries of bash, dash and ksh per folder at /usr/local/bin and /bin folders.

The first triple is fresh releases installed with brew, the second one — the default shells which come along with OS.

Long story short, the top #1 of the mostly widespread use cases is shared between a request with a single command name and no options

which sh

which ends up with a path of executable printed to /dev/stdout and exit status 0 if a command is located and exit status 1 otherwise

/bin/sh

and its twin with the same single command name and -s option widely utilized in non-interactive mode to verify the availability of a command and produce no output

which -s sh

which silently ends up with exit status 0 if a command is located and exit status 1 otherwise.

Less common case is a bulk lookup illustrated below.

which bash dash ksh 

The successful response will look like

/usr/local/bin/bash
/usr/local/bin/dash
/usr/local/bin/ksh

The same command with -s option silently ends up with exit status 0 if the triple exists at PATH or 1 if some binary cannot be located.

which -s bash dash ksh 

-a option is utilized to locate all commands at PATH with certain name(s)

which -a bash

and the response looks like

/usr/local/bin/bash
/bin/bash

The bulk lookup with -a option

which -a bash dash ksh

produces the output like

/usr/local/bin/bash
/bin/bash
/usr/local/bin/dash
/bin/dash
/usr/local/bin/ksh
/bin/ksh

Both -a -s (-s -a, -as, -sa) options together are accepted as well, although due to the nature of -s utilizing them this way is kinda senseless.

Which on steroids

Although nowadays, when the quarter of XXI century is almost left behind, the old school axiom ”command not found at PATH equals command is not available” is not always true.

Today many vendors follow the practice to deliver a number of useful extras along with a shell. These extras mostly are collections of vendorsʼ builtins and sometimes also of vendorsʼ functions.

Shortly, builtin is an integrated command which code is a part of code of a shell interpretter, and function is a regular function, implemented by vendor for own shell interpretter on the grounds of its features and benefits (a nice primer is the Fish shell stuff).

The collections are developed to implement functionality impossible or inconvenient to obtain with separate utilities, and as a rule at least some vendorsʼ builtins and functions are implemented to override classic external binaries like :, [, basename, cd, dirname, echo, false, id, kill, mkdir, mkfifo, mktemp, printenv, printf, pwd, realpath, rm, rmdir, sleep, sync, tee, test, time, true, tty, uname, unlink, whoami et cetera.

The commands, integrated into a shell to override the corresponding externals, completely mimic the features of classic origins or provide at least their core functionality, used at most. Each time a command like printf is called at command line or within a script by basename, a shell instead of executing the corresponding external binary /usr/bin/printf substitutes it with own builtin printf implementation.

The benefits are obvious and evident — as a rule, integrated commands vs classic external ones are much more lightweight, and builtins are significantly faster vs the origins ʼcause they are modern, ʼcause for a shell itʼs a priori faster to execute a code that is part of that shell than an external binary and ʼcause to run an internal command a shell doesnʼt need to deploy a subshell.

Thus de facto thereʼs no need to depend on external printf, mkdir or kill commands in field nowadays if a shell serves the corresponding builtins.

So to provide even more reasonable alternative to the regular external which command for sh shell scripts, along with the replica of classic which this project also includes the modern extended implementation, namely which on steroids.

To utilize this implementation at your local projects, follow the above install instructions and simply replace the link to classic edition provided there with the link to extended one this way

curl -fsSLo "${HOME}/.local/share/which.sh" https://juliyvchirkov.dev/get/which.sh?ed=ext

The proposed extended edition has been implemented as kinda successor of the classic one to deliver the extra feature to locate command(s) among shell builtins, functions and aliases.

In order to keep full backward compatibility with the classic edition and the external origin this which on steroids also provides the extra option -i to ignore shell builtins, functions and aliases on lookup.

which: locates command(s) and reports to standard output

USAGE
    which [-ias] command …
OPTIONS
    -i     ignore shell builtins, functions and aliases
    -a     print all matches
    -s     silently return 0 if all commands are located or 1 otherwise
EXIT STATUS
    0      all commands are located
    1      failed to locate some command(s)
    2      an invalid option is specified

The extended edition meets the same flow as the classic one, exept on lookup this function first of all checks if a command exists among shell builtins, functions and aliases, and after that tries to locate it at PATH.

The nuances are illustrated below.

which pwd 

If -a option is not specified, the function will end up with a command located among shell builtins, functions and aliases

pwd 

The same is true for a silent lookup with -s option

which -s pwd 

If a command is located among shell builtins, functions and aliases, the function stops the lookup and silently ends up with exit status 0.

which -a pwd 

-a option will lead to the response like this

pwd
/bin/pwd

On a bulk lookup this behaviour is kept unchanged.

which cd printf which 

The above command with no options ends up with the response like

cd
printf
which 

The same command with -a option

which -a cd printf which 

produces the report

cd
/usr/bin/cd
printf
/usr/bin/printf
which
/usr/bin/which

When -i option is on, this extended edition behaves exactly the same as the classic one.

which -i pwd

Both the above and below commands

which -ia pwd

end up with the response

/bin/pwd

As well as this command

which -i cd printf which 

and this one both

which -ia cd printf which 

produce the same output

/usr/bin/cd
/usr/bin/printf
/usr/bin/which

Important

If a command is located among shell builtins or functions, it is reported to /dev/stdout as is with a single basename, since neither builtin nor function canʼt have a path by design.

If a command is located among shell aliases, the function expands that alias and provides its content on report.

Bugs and features

If you are facing some bug or want to request a feature, please follow this link to create an issue or request respectively, and thank you for your time and contribution in advance.

Support the creator

If you like this project, you can follow the links below to support the creator

                 buymeacoffee

                 ko-fi

                 paypal

                 liberapay

                 crypto

  Thanks from my heart to everyone who supports

  Glory to Ukraine!

  Juliy V. Chirkov,
juliyvchirkov