Jambox

A Raspberry Pi micro-SD card image for online jamming.
Pre-built image file is available under "Releases" to download and burn with balenaEtcher
Runs Jamulus (client-server), SonoBus (peer-to-peer), JamTaba (NINJAM), JackTrip, JammerNetz (client-server) or HpsJam (client-server) on Raspberry Pi.
Web Browser UI - use any laptop, tablet, desktop - even a smartphone.

• Makes it easy for non-technical musicians to play together online, with a high-quality, high-performnace, low-cost system.
• Suitable for a musical group or school to supply a pre-configured jamming appliance.

Features

• Runs on a headless Raspberry Pi. Pi4 is highly recommended but Jambox has been verified to work on Pi3B.
• easy UI access via web browser on same local network.
• Wired ethernet connection required (wireless adds jitter).
• Audio interface required (USB or HAT card).
• Can be easily configured to automatically connect to a Jamulus server on startup, then shutdown after a time.
• Low-latency kernel and default settings tuned for low delay.
• Jamulus requires a Jamulus server, in same area for lowest delay. Use a public server, or host your own.
• Can run as a Jamulus Server, JammerNetz Server, or HpsJam Server.
• SonoBus for peer-to-peer jamming.
• JamTaba for long-distance jamming using NINJAM servers.
• JackTrip for multi-machine network jamming.
• JammerNetz for high-quality client-server jamming.
• HpsJam for high-quality client-server jamming.
• Jamming apps can be updated via desktop "Update Apps" button.
• HDMI monitor can be used if desired.
• Jamulus client can be controlled using X-Touch Mini MIDI controller (level/mute/solo/pan)

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Easy to Setup

1. Download image file from "Releases" (https://github.com/kdoren/jambox-pi-gen/releases). No need to unzip.
2. Flash micro SD card using balenaEtcher.
3. (optional) customize settings after burning by editing/adding files in /boot/payload directory.
4. Works with most USB audio interfaces and audio HAT cards. Some interfaces may require changes to settings files.
5. Connect wires: ethernet, USB audio interface, mic/instrument, headphones and power.
6. Headphone amp may be needed (i.e. Rockville RHPA-4) depending on your audio interface.

Easy to Use

1. Power on, boot up.
2. Raspberry Pi will acquire a local IP address and register its access URL with urlrelay.com
3. From any web browser on same local network (i.e. laptop or tablet), access Raspberry Pi UI via urlrelay.com/go
4. Web browser will show Raspberry Pi desktop.
5. Jamulus or SonoBus can be set to automatically launch at startup.
6. If JAMULUS_SERVER is set, Jamulus will automatically connect (and shutdown after JAMULUS_TIMEOUT minutes)
7. Double-click on a jamming app desktop icon:
   • "Jamulus Start" to launch Jamulus.
   • "SonoBus Start" to launch SonoBus.
   • "JamTaba Start" to launch JamTaba.
   • "JackTrip Start" to launch JackTrip.
   • "JammerNetz Start" to launch JammerNetz Client.
   • "HpsJam Start" to launch HpsJam Client
8. Double-click on desktop icon "Off Switch" to shut down Raspberry Pi.

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Simple hardware platform

Raspberry Pi + Audio Interface. 2GB Raspberry Pi is OK for jamming; 4GB model costs slightly more and allows flexibility for other purposes later. Can be attached to a board with velcro and pre-wired for easy setup.

Suggested Bill of Materials, prices in USD as of Nov 27, 2021:

Price (USD)	Item	URL
$ 46	Raspberry Pi 4-2GB	https://vilros.com/products/raspberry-pi-4-2gb-ram
14	Vilros Self Cooling Heavy Duty Case	https://vilros.com/products/vilros-raspberry-pi-4-compatible-self-cooling-heavy-duty-aluminum-case
11	Vilros Power Supply with Switch	https://vilros.com/products/vilros-usb-c-5v-3a-power-supply-with-switch-designed-for-pi-4
8	SanDisk Ultra 16GB micro SD card	https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/9966573445
45	Behringer UM2 USB Audio Interface	https://www.americanmusical.com/behringer-u-phoria-um2-usb-audio-interface/p/BEH-UM2
18	Pyle PDMIC78 Microphone	https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005BSOVRY
12	XLR Microphone Cable, 15 ft	https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004UJHXUC
22	Microphone Stand w/clip	https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00OZ9C9LK
?	Over-ear Headphones	Use decent ones (likely $40 or more)

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Customizable Settings

• Can be set immediately after flashing, on micro SD card "boot" partition /payload directory
• Or set later after booting
• Depending on your interface, you may be able to lower delay by reducing NPERIODS in /etc/jackdrc.conf.
• if JAMULUS_SERVER is defined, Jambox will automatically connect on boot, then power off after 2 hours.
• AJ_SNAPSHOT files are stored in /home/pi/.config/aj_snapshot/

Name	Value	Default	File
urlrelay settings
NODE_ID	id unique for your local network	1	/etc/urlrelay/urlrelay.conf
URL_ARGS	url arguments sent to noVNC	/?password=jambox	/etc/urlrelay/urlrelay.conf
Jamulus Settings
JAMULUS_AUTOSTART	set to 1 to launch on boot	0	/home/pi/.config/Jamulus/jamulus_start.conf
JAMULUS_SERVER	DNS name or IP of Jamulus server		/home/pi/.config/Jamulus/jamulus_start.conf
JAMULUS_TIMEOUT	shutdown timer if auto-connecting	120m	/home/pi/.config/Jamulus/jamulus_start.conf
AJ_SNAPSHOT	filename of alsa-jack patch configuration	ajs-jamulus-stereo.xml	/home/pi/.config/Jamulus/jamulus_start.conf
MASTER_LEVEL	master output level for audio interface	80%	/home/pi/.config/Jamulus/jamulus_start.conf
CAPTURE_LEVEL	capture level for audio interface	80%	/home/pi/.config/Jamulus/jamulus_start.conf
SonoBus Settings
SONOBUS_AUTOSTART	set to 1 to launch on boot	0	/home/pi/.config/sonobus_start.conf
AJ_SNAPSHOT	filename of alsa-jack patch configuration	ajs-sonobus-stereo.xml	/home/pi/.config/sonobus_start.conf
MASTER_LEVEL	master output level for audio interface	80%	/home/pi/.config/sonobus_start.conf
CAPTURE_LEVEL	capture level for audio interface	80%	/home/pi/.config/sonobus_start.conf
Jack Settings
DEVICE	alsa device ID of audio interface	last capture device	/etc/jackdrc.conf
PERIOD	Jack Audio samples per period	64 [pi4] or 128 [pi3]	/etc/jackdrc.conf
NPERIODS	Jack Audio number of periods per buffer	3 [pi4] or 3 [pi3]	/etc/jackdrc.conf
Jamulus Server Settings	see file		/home/pi/.config/Jamulus/jamulus-server.conf
JammerNetz Client Settings	see file		/home/pi/JammerNetz/jammernetz_start.conf
JammerNetz Server Settings	see file		/home/pi/JammerNetz/jammernetz-server.conf
HpsJam Client Settings	see file		/home/pi/.config/hpsjam_start.conf
HpsJam Server Settings	see file		/home/pi/.config/hpsjam-server.conf

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Web Browser access to Raspberry Pi Desktop - How it works

urlrelay + noVNC = easy web browser access to Raspberry Pi desktop, without installing anything or knowing its IP address

urlrelay

1. Raspberry PI on wired ethernet gets private IP address on local network assigned by router (DHCP), but we don't know what it is.
2. urlrelay service running on Raspberry Pi registers its private IP access URL with urlrelay.com (web service in AWS)
3. urlrelay.com stores this URL using source IP (public IP of router) as primary key
4. urlrelay.com uses NODE_ID (default: "1") as secondary key
5. If only a single device is registered for a local network (source IP), NODE_ID doesn't matter. From web browser on same local network (same source IP), urlrelay.com/go will redirect to Raspberry Pi.
6. If >1 device exists on same local network, NODE_ID of each device should be different, then access via urlrelay.com/go?id=<NODE_ID>
7. Recommended practice is to assign a different id to each micro SD card after flashing (in boot: /payload/etc/urlrelay/urlrelay.conf, i.e. NODE_ID=11), and place a label on each box with full URL "urlrelay.com/go?id=11"
8. NODE_ID can be set after flashing (booting not required). In boot: partition, edit file /payload/etc/urlrelay/urlrelay.conf
9. urlrelay.com deletes stale registrations after a set time (currently 30 days)

noVNC

1. Web browser on same local network gets URL as a redirect from urlrelay.com
2. noVNC is a VNC client written in Javascript which runs in web browser
3. noVNC js code is served to browser from Raspberry Pi by a mini-http server on port 6080
4. noVNC running in browser makes websocket connection to Rasbpberry Pi
5. websockify (companion to noVNC) bridges websocket to VNC server
6. Raspberry Pi runs VNC server presenting linux desktop

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Original pi-gen README.md follows:

pi-gen

Tool used to create Raspberry Pi OS images. (Previously known as Raspbian).

Dependencies

pi-gen runs on Debian-based operating systems. Currently it is only supported on either Debian Buster or Ubuntu Xenial and is known to have issues building on earlier releases of these systems. On other Linux distributions it may be possible to use the Docker build described below.

To install the required dependencies for pi-gen you should run:

apt-get install coreutils quilt parted qemu-user-static debootstrap zerofree zip \
dosfstools bsdtar libcap2-bin grep rsync xz-utils file git curl bc

The file depends contains a list of tools needed. The format of this package is <tool>[:<debian-package>].

Config

Upon execution, build.sh will source the file config in the current working directory. This bash shell fragment is intended to set needed environment variables.

The following environment variables are supported:

• IMG_NAME required (Default: unset)

  The name of the image to build with the current stage directories. Setting IMG_NAME=Raspbian is logical for an unmodified RPi-Distro/pi-gen build, but you should use something else for a customized version. Export files in stages may add suffixes to IMG_NAME.

• RELEASE (Default: buster)

  The release version to build images against. Valid values are jessie, stretch buster, bullseye, and testing.

• APT_PROXY (Default: unset)

  If you require the use of an apt proxy, set it here. This proxy setting will not be included in the image, making it safe to use an apt-cacher or similar package for development.

  If you have Docker installed, you can set up a local apt caching proxy to like speed up subsequent builds like this:

  docker-compose up -d
  echo 'APT_PROXY=http://172.17.0.1:3142' >> config
  

• BASE_DIR (Default: location of build.sh)

  CAUTION: Currently, changing this value will probably break build.sh

  Top-level directory for pi-gen. Contains stage directories, build scripts, and by default both work and deployment directories.

• WORK_DIR (Default: "$BASE_DIR/work")

  Directory in which pi-gen builds the target system. This value can be changed if you have a suitably large, fast storage location for stages to be built and cached. Note, WORK_DIR stores a complete copy of the target system for each build stage, amounting to tens of gigabytes in the case of Raspbian.

  CAUTION: If your working directory is on an NTFS partition you probably won't be able to build: make sure this is a proper Linux filesystem.

• DEPLOY_DIR (Default: "$BASE_DIR/deploy")

  Output directory for target system images and NOOBS bundles.

• DEPLOY_ZIP (Default: 1)

  Setting to 0 will deploy the actual image (.img) instead of a zipped image (.zip).

• USE_QEMU (Default: "0")

  Setting to '1' enables the QEMU mode - creating an image that can be mounted via QEMU for an emulated environment. These images include "-qemu" in the image file name.

• LOCALE_DEFAULT (Default: "en_GB.UTF-8" )

  Default system locale.

• TARGET_HOSTNAME (Default: "raspberrypi" )

  Setting the hostname to the specified value.

• KEYBOARD_KEYMAP (Default: "gb" )

  Default keyboard keymap.

  To get the current value from a running system, run debconf-show keyboard-configuration and look at the keyboard-configuration/xkb-keymap value.

• KEYBOARD_LAYOUT (Default: "English (UK)" )

  Default keyboard layout.

  To get the current value from a running system, run debconf-show keyboard-configuration and look at the keyboard-configuration/variant value.

• TIMEZONE_DEFAULT (Default: "Europe/London" )

  Default keyboard layout.

  To get the current value from a running system, look in /etc/timezone.

• FIRST_USER_NAME (Default: "pi" )

  Username for the first user

• FIRST_USER_PASS (Default: "raspberry")

  Password for the first user

• WPA_ESSID, WPA_PASSWORD and WPA_COUNTRY (Default: unset)

  If these are set, they are use to configure wpa_supplicant.conf, so that the Raspberry Pi can automatically connect to a wireless network on first boot. If WPA_ESSID is set and WPA_PASSWORD is unset an unprotected wireless network will be configured. If set, WPA_PASSWORD must be between 8 and 63 characters.

• ENABLE_SSH (Default: 0)

  Setting to 1 will enable ssh server for remote log in. Note that if you are using a common password such as the defaults there is a high risk of attackers taking over you Raspberry Pi.

• PUBKEY_SSH_FIRST_USER (Default: unset)

Setting this to a value will make that value the contents of the FIRST_USER_NAME's ~/.ssh/authorized_keys. Obviously the value should therefore be a valid authorized_keys file. Note that this does not automatically enable SSH.

• PUBKEY_ONLY_SSH (Default: 0)

• Setting to 1 will disable password authentication for SSH and enable public key authentication. Note that if SSH is not enabled this will take effect when SSH becomes enabled.

• STAGE_LIST (Default: stage*)

  If set, then instead of working through the numeric stages in order, this list will be followed. For example setting to "stage0 stage1 mystage stage2" will run the contents of mystage before stage2. Note that quotes are needed around the list. An absolute or relative path can be given for stages outside the pi-gen directory.

A simple example for building Raspbian:

IMG_NAME='Raspbian'

The config file can also be specified on the command line as an argument the build.sh or build-docker.sh scripts.

./build.sh -c myconfig

This is parsed after config so can be used to override values set there.

How the build process works

The following process is followed to build images:

• Loop through all of the stage directories in alphanumeric order

• Move on to the next directory if this stage directory contains a file called "SKIP"

• Run the script prerun.sh which is generally just used to copy the build directory between stages.

• In each stage directory loop through each subdirectory and then run each of the install scripts it contains, again in alphanumeric order. These need to be named with a two digit padded number at the beginning. There are a number of different files and directories which can be used to control different parts of the build process:

  • 00-run.sh - A unix shell script. Needs to be made executable for it to run.

  • 00-run-chroot.sh - A unix shell script which will be run in the chroot of the image build directory. Needs to be made executable for it to run.

  • 00-debconf - Contents of this file are passed to debconf-set-selections to configure things like locale, etc.

  • 00-packages - A list of packages to install. Can have more than one, space separated, per line.

  • 00-packages-nr - As 00-packages, except these will be installed using the --no-install-recommends -y parameters to apt-get.

  • 00-patches - A directory containing patch files to be applied, using quilt. If a file named 'EDIT' is present in the directory, the build process will be interrupted with a bash session, allowing an opportunity to create/revise the patches.

• If the stage directory contains files called "EXPORT_NOOBS" or "EXPORT_IMAGE" then add this stage to a list of images to generate

• Generate the images for any stages that have specified them

It is recommended to examine build.sh for finer details.

Docker Build

Docker can be used to perform the build inside a container. This partially isolates the build from the host system, and allows using the script on non-debian based systems (e.g. Fedora Linux). The isolate is not complete due to the need to use some kernel level services for arm emulation (binfmt) and loop devices (losetup).

To build:

vi config         # Edit your config file. See above.
./build-docker.sh

If everything goes well, your finished image will be in the deploy/ folder. You can then remove the build container with docker rm -v pigen_work

If something breaks along the line, you can edit the corresponding scripts, and continue:

CONTINUE=1 ./build-docker.sh

To examine the container after a failure you can enter a shell within it using:

sudo docker run -it --privileged --volumes-from=pigen_work pi-gen /bin/bash

After successful build, the build container is by default removed. This may be undesired when making incremental changes to a customized build. To prevent the build script from remove the container add

PRESERVE_CONTAINER=1 ./build-docker.sh

There is a possibility that even when running from a docker container, the installation of qemu-user-static will silently fail when building the image because binfmt-support must be enabled on the underlying kernel. An easy fix is to ensure binfmt-support is installed on the host machine before starting the ./build-docker.sh script (or using your own docker build solution).

Stage Anatomy

Raspbian Stage Overview

The build of Raspbian is divided up into several stages for logical clarity and modularity. This causes some initial complexity, but it simplifies maintenance and allows for more easy customization.

• Stage 0 - bootstrap. The primary purpose of this stage is to create a usable filesystem. This is accomplished largely through the use of debootstrap, which creates a minimal filesystem suitable for use as a base.tgz on Debian systems. This stage also configures apt settings and installs raspberrypi-bootloader which is missed by debootstrap. The minimal core is installed but not configured, and the system will not quite boot yet.

• Stage 1 - truly minimal system. This stage makes the system bootable by installing system files like /etc/fstab, configures the bootloader, makes the network operable, and installs packages like raspi-config. At this stage the system should boot to a local console from which you have the means to perform basic tasks needed to configure and install the system. This is as minimal as a system can possibly get, and its arguably not really usable yet in a traditional sense yet. Still, if you want minimal, this is minimal and the rest you could reasonably do yourself as sysadmin.

• Stage 2 - lite system. This stage produces the Raspbian-Lite image. It installs some optimized memory functions, sets timezone and charmap defaults, installs fake-hwclock and ntp, wireless LAN and bluetooth support, dphys-swapfile, and other basics for managing the hardware. It also creates necessary groups and gives the pi user access to sudo and the standard console hardware permission groups.

  There are a few tools that may not make a whole lot of sense here for development purposes on a minimal system such as basic Python and Lua packages as well as the build-essential package. They are lumped right in with more essential packages presently, though they need not be with pi-gen. These are understandable for Raspbian's target audience, but if you were looking for something between truly minimal and Raspbian-Lite, here's where you start trimming.

• Stage 3 - desktop system. Here's where you get the full desktop system with X11 and LXDE, web browsers, git for development, Raspbian custom UI enhancements, etc. This is a base desktop system, with some development tools installed.

• Stage 4 - Normal Raspbian image. System meant to fit on a 4GB card. This is the stage that installs most things that make Raspbian friendly to new users like system documentation.

• Stage 5 - The Raspbian Full image. More development tools, an email client, learning tools like Scratch, specialized packages like sonic-pi, office productivity, etc.

Stage specification

If you wish to build up to a specified stage (such as building up to stage 2 for a lite system), place an empty file named SKIP in each of the ./stage directories you wish not to include.

Then add an empty file named SKIP_IMAGES to ./stage4 and ./stage5 (if building up to stage 2) or to ./stage2 (if building a minimal system).

# Example for building a lite system
echo "IMG_NAME='Raspbian'" > config
touch ./stage3/SKIP ./stage4/SKIP ./stage5/SKIP
touch ./stage4/SKIP_IMAGES ./stage5/SKIP_IMAGES
sudo ./build.sh  # or ./build-docker.sh

If you wish to build further configurations upon (for example) the lite system, you can also delete the contents of ./stage3 and ./stage4 and replace with your own contents in the same format.

Skipping stages to speed up development

If you're working on a specific stage the recommended development process is as follows:

• Add a file called SKIP_IMAGES into the directories containing EXPORT_* files (currently stage2, stage4 and stage5)
• Add SKIP files to the stages you don't want to build. For example, if you're basing your image on the lite image you would add these to stages 3, 4 and 5.
• Run build.sh to build all stages
• Add SKIP files to the earlier successfully built stages
• Modify the last stage
• Rebuild just the last stage using sudo CLEAN=1 ./build.sh
• Once you're happy with the image you can remove the SKIP_IMAGES files and export your image to test

Troubleshooting

64 Bit Systems

Please note there is currently an issue when compiling with a 64 Bit OS. See RPi-Distro#271

binfmt_misc

Linux is able execute binaries from other architectures, meaning that it should be possible to make use of pi-gen on an x86_64 system, even though it will be running ARM binaries. This requires support from the binfmt_misc kernel module.

You may see the following error:

update-binfmts: warning: Couldn't load the binfmt_misc module.

To resolve this, ensure that the following files are available (install them if necessary):

/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs/binfmt_misc.ko
/usr/bin/qemu-arm-static

You may also need to load the module by hand - run modprobe binfmt_misc.