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LAS12_Standards.txt
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LAS12_Standards.txt
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September 1st, 1990
LAS 1.2
A FLOPPY DISK
STANDARD FOR LOG DATA
BY
Canadian Well Logging Society Floppy Disk Committee
Suite 229, 640 - 5 Avenue, S.W.
Calgary, Alberta
T2P 3G4
ABSTRACT
The Canadian Well Logging Society's Floppy Disk Committee has designed a
standard format for log data on floppy disks. It is known as the LAS
format (Log ASCII Standard). LAS consists of files written in ASCII
containing minimal header information and is intended for optical curves
only. Details of the LAS format are described in this paper.
The purpose of the LAS format is to supply basic digital log data
to users of personal computers in a format that is quick and easy to use.
INTRODUCTION
Log analysts who use personal computers have, in the past, been entering
log data into their machines mainly through a hand digitizing procedure
because most personal computers are unable to handle data from magnetic tapes.
The industry was beginning to address this inefficiency by making log data
available on floppy disks in a variety of formats. It was at this point
that the Canadian Well Logging Society set up the Floppy Disk Committee to
design a standard for log data on floppy disks that would meet the needs of
personal computer users.
Various standards for digital well log data already exist. The LIS format
(Log Information Standard) is one of the more popular standards. A more
complete standard is presently being prepared by the American Petroleum
Institute which is known as the DLIS format (Digital Log Interchange
Standard). Both of these standards are very useful but because of their
completeness, and resulting complexity, they do not address the needs of most
personal computer users.
Users of personal computers have serious space limitations and are normally
only interested in the optically presented curves. They also want to get this
data into their machines quickly and easily. The LAS format addresses these
needs and can be compared to a "Reader's Digest" version of the LIS or DLIS
formats. If more detailed log information is required, then the LIS or DLIS
format should be used. The LAS format is intended to complement the LIS or
DLIS formats as each has its own specific purpose.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LAS format was designed to be easily understood by the user and at the
same time contain enough flags to assist the programmer. The LAS format must
always be written in ASCII. If it is written using a compression routine, in
binary, or in any other form, an executable program must exist on the floppy
disk that will convert the file back to LAS format.
The LAS format consists of files. For example, a repeat section would make
up one file and the main pass another. Each of the file names end in ".LAS"
so that they can be easily recognized. An individual floppy disk must not
contain partial files that continue onto a second floppy disk. Large files
that do not fit on one floppy must be split into two or more files.
Each file consists of numerous sections. These sections are not order
specific except that the last section must always be the data section. The
first section is usually the "VERSION" section containing the version number
of the LAS format and identifies whether the data is in wrap mode. The "WELL
INFORMATION" section contains information on the well name, location, and the
start and stop depths of the data in this file. The "CURVE INFORMATION"
section contains the curve mnemonics, units used, and the definitions of these
mnemonics, in the order that they appear in the data section. The "PARAMETER"
section contains informat on parameters or constants (such as mud
resistivities) and is optional. The "OTHER" section is also optional and
contains any other information or comments. The last section is always the
"ASCII LOG DATA" section. Depth values should appear in the first column
and each column of data must be separated by a space.
More detailed LAS format specifications can be found in the Appendix.
REFORMAT AND CERTIFY PROGRAMS
To assist users of LAS formatted data, a program was written to modify
LAS files into forms that may be more compatible to the user's needs. The
program is called REFORMAT and can perform the following tasks:
1) Extract a specific depth interval
2) Extract specific curves
3) Reverse depth direction
4) Change sampling interval
5) Convert wrap mode to unwrap mode
6) Scan for non-standard characters which may be causing
difficulties for some programs.
The CERTIFY program was designed to verify that files meet the LAS standard.
If the LAS standards are not met, it will identify the errors. In case of
disagreement between this program and the printed LAS standard document, the
document will be deemed to be correct. The CERTIFY program also includes
documentation on the LAS standard.
The REFORMAT and CERTIFY programs were written by Robin Winsor of Gulf
Canada Resources Ltd. in ANSI standard "C" and compiled with a Microsoft C 5.1
compiler. These programs are not part of the LAS standard.
The author of these programs does not reserve any rights and does not
warrant the program for any specific purpose. An LAS information package is
available for $10.00 through the C.W.L.S. The package includes an executable
form of the REFORMAT and CERTIFY programs, source code for REFORMAT, and two
test LAS files on a 3.5 inch 720K DOS compatible floppy disk.
The address is as follows:
Canadian Well Logging Society
229, 640 - 5 Avenue, S.W.
Calgary, Alberta
CANADA T2P 3G4
CONCLUSIONS
The latest release of the LAS format is version 1.2 which was released in
August of 1989. The CWLS Floppy Disk Committee will monitor the LAS format
to address problems and make modifications to the standard as required.
Feedback concerning the user's likes or dislikes would be greatly appreciated
and should be sent to the CWLS to the attention of the Floppy Disk Committee.
It is hoped that by creating the LAS format, more widespread use will be made
of digital log data.
APPENDIX
LAS FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS FOR VERSION 1.2
PART 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The LAS Format is designed to store log data on floppy disks. This standard
is intended to simplify the exchange of digital log data between users. The
general specifications of this format are as follows:
1) The floppy disk size, type, or density is not specified because
conversion between them is straightforward.
2) It is the intent of this standard to store optically presented log
curves although other curves may also be stored. Raw count rates, wave
form data etc. are more efficiently stored on magnetic tape using LIS
or DLIS format.
3) Floppy disks in the LAS format must be MS/DOS or PC/DOS compatible
4) The file will be written in ASCII. If the file is written using a
compression method, in binary, or in any other form, an executable
program must exist on the floppy to convert it back to LAS format.
5) An individual floppy disk must not contain partial files that continue
onto a second floppy. Large files that do not fit onto one floppy must be
split into two or more separate files. This may be achieved by splitting
the curves or segmenting the depths.
6) All files in LAS format must end in ".LAS" so that they may be easily
recognized.
7) The LAS format is a minimum standard. It is expected that most users and
suppliers will exceed this minimum standard.
PART 2 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AN LAS FILE
Each LAS file contains numerous sections and each section begins with a
tilde (~) mark. The last section in an LAS file must always be the log data
section.
The sections that make up an LAS file are as follows:
~V - contains version and wrap mode information
~W - contains well identification
~C - contains curve information
~P - contains parameters or constants
~O - contains other information such as comments
~A - contains ASCII log data
These sections are described in more detail in part four of this appendix.
PART 3 FLAGS
Flags are used to assist computers in identifying specific lines in a file.
The following flags are used in the LAS format:
a) "~" (tilde): The ASCII equivalent of this flag is decimal 126
or hexadecimal 7E. This flag when used will be the first non-space
and non-quotation character on a line. It is used to mark the
beginning of a section in a file. The first letter directly after the
tilde identifies the section. (See part two.) All upper case letters
in the space following a tilde mark are reserved for use by the
committee. The remainder of the line will be treated as comments.
b) "#" (pound): The ASCII equivalent of this flag is decimal 35 or
hexadecimal 23. This flag when used will be the first non-space and
non-quotation character on a line. The Pound sign is used to indicate
that the line is a comment line. Comment lines can appear anywhere
above the data section.
c) "." and ":" : In sections other than the data section, dots and
colons are used to delimit information within the line. They are
usually aligned for ease of reading. Information to the right of the
colon is a detailed definition of the mnemonic that is located to the
left of the colon. The dot is used to separate two mnemonics. Spaces
may occur to the right or left of a dot or colon.
PART 4 DETAILS
The actual format for each of the sections discussed in this part of the
paper is best understood by looking at the examples in the boxed areas. The
exact spacing is not critical because computer programs will use the dots,
colons and spaces to decipher each line.
I) ~V (Version Information)
-This section is mandatory and usually appears at the very beginning of the
file.
-It identifies which version of the LAS format is being used and whether
wrap mode is used.
-This section must contain the following lines:
"VERS. 1.2: CWLS LOG ASCII STANDARD - VERSION 1.2"
Refers to which version of LAS was used.
"WRAP. YES: Multiple lines per depth step"
OR
"WRAP. NO: One line per depth step"
Refers to whether a wrap around mode was used in the data section.
If no wrap mode is used the line will have a maximum length of 256
characters (including the carriage return and line feed). If wrap
mode is used the depth value will be on its own line and all lines
of data will be no longer than 80 characters (including carriage
return and line feed).
-Additional lines in the version section are optional.
The following is an example of a Version Information Section.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~Version Information Section
VERS. 1.2: CWLS log ASCII Standard -VERSION 1.2
WRAP. NO: One line per depth step
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(II) ~W (Well Information)
-This section is mandatory.
-It identifies the well, its location and indicates the start and stop
depths of the file.
-This section must contain the following lines with the mnemonics as
indicated:
"STRT.M nnn.nn:"
Refers to the first depth in the file. The "nnn.nn" refers to the
depth value. The number of decimals used is not restricted. The ".M"
refers to meters and can be replaced when other units are used. The
start depth can be either greater or less than the stop depth.
"STOP.M nnn.nn:"
Refers to the last depth in the file. The "nnn.nn" refers to the
depth value. The number of decimals used is not restricted. The ".M"
refers to meters and can be replaced when other units are used.
"STEP.M nnn.nn:"
Refers to the depth increment used. A minus sign must precede the
step value if the start depth is greater than the stop depth (ie,
from TD to casing has a minus step value). A step value of zero
indicates a variable step.
"NULL. -nnn.nn:"
Refers to null values. Two common ones in use are -9999 and -999.25.
"COMP. COMPANY : "
Refers to company name.
"WELL. WELL:"
Refers to the well name.
"FLD. FIELD:"
Refers to the field name.
"LOC. LOCATION:"
Refers to the well location.
"PROV. PROVINCE:"
Refers to the province. For areas outside Canada this line may be
replaced by:
"CNTY. COUNTY:"
"STAT. STATE:"
"CTRY. COUNTRY:"
"SRVC. SERVICE COMPANY:"
Refers to logging company.
"DATE. DATE:"
Refers to date logged.
"UWI . UNIQUE WELL ID:"
Refers to unique well identifier. (See References.) For areas
outside of Canada this may be replaced by:
"API . API NUMBER:"
-Additional lines in the well information section are optional. There
is no limit set on the number of additional lines.
The following is an example of a Well Information Section.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~Well Information Section
#MNEM.UNIT Data Type Information
#--------- ------------- ------------------------------
STRT.M 635.0000:
STOP.M 400.0000:
STEP.M -0.1250:
NULL. -999.25:
COMP. COMPANY: ANY OIL COMPANY INC.
WELL. WELL: ANY ET AL A9-16-49-20
FLD . FIELD: EDAM
LOC . LOCATION: A9-16-49-20W3M
PROV. PROVINCE: SASKATCHEWAN
SRVC. SERVICE COMPANY: ANY LOGGING COMPANY INC.
DATE. LOG DATE: 13-DEC-86
UWI . UNIQUE WELL ID: 100091604920W300
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(III) ~C (Curve Information)
-This section is mandatory.
-It describes the curve and its units in the order they appear in the
data section of the file.
-The mnemonics used are not restricted but must be defined on the line in
which they appear.
-API codes are optional. (See References.)
-The curves described in this section must be present in the data set.
-The first curve described should normally be depth.
The following is an example of a Curve Information Section with API codes.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~Curve Information Section
#MNEM.UNIT API CODE Curve Description
#--------- ------------- -------------------------------
DEPTH.M : 1 DEPTH
RHOB .K/M3 7 350 02 00: 2 BULK DENSITY
NPHI .VOL/VOL 7 890 00 00: 3 NEUTRON POROSITY - SANDSTONE
MSFL .OHMM 7 220 01 00: 4 Rxo RESISTIVITY
SFLA .OHMM 7 222 01 00: 5 SHALLOW RESISTIVITY
ILM .OHMM 7 120 44 00: 6 MEDIUM RESISTIVITY
ILD .OHMM 7 120 46 00: 7 DEEP RESISTIVITY
SP .MV 7 010 01 00: 8 SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
GR .GAPI 7 310 01 00: 9 GAMMA RAY
CALI .MM 7 280 01 00: 10 CALIPER
DRHO .K/M3 7 356 01 00: 11 DENSITY CORRECTION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(IV) ~P (Parameter Information)
-This section is optional. It defines the values of various parameters
relating to this well.
-The mnemonics used are not restricted but must be defined on the line on
which they appear.
-There is no limit on the number of lines that can be used.
The following is an example of a Parameter Information Section.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~Parameter Information Section
#MNEM.UNIT Value Description
#--------- ------------- ------------------------------
BHT. DEGC 24.0000: Bottom Hole Temperature
BS .MM 222.0000: Bit Size
FD .K/M3 999.9999: Fluid Density
MDEN.K/M3 2650.0000: Logging Matrix Density
MATR. 1.0000: Neutron Matrix (1=Sand)
FNUM. 1.0000: Tortuosity Constant Archie's (a)
FEXP. 2.0000: Cementation Exponent Archie's (m)
DFD .K/M3 1200.0000: Mud Weight
DFV .S 50.0000: Mud Viscosity
DFL .C3 8.0000: Mud Fluid Loss
DFPH. 10.0000: Mud pH
RMFS.OHMM 2.8200: Mud Filtrate Resistivity
EKB .M 566.9700: Elevation Kelly Bushing
EGL .M 563.6799: Elevation Ground Level
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(V) ~O (Other Information)
-This section is optional. Its intended use is as a remarks or comments
section.
(VI) ~A (ASCII LOG DATA)
-The data section will always be the last section in a file.
-Depths should always appear in the first column
-Each column of data must be separated by at least one space.
-A line of less than 256 characters (including a carriage return and line
feed) will normally not be wrapped. Wrap mode will be used if the data is
longer than 256 characters.
-In wrap mode, depth will be on its own line.
-In wrap mode a line of data will be no longer than 80 characters. This
includes a carriage return and line feed.
-If wrap mode is used, the decimal points must be aligned for ease of
reading.
-Exponents are not permitted. The curve section can be used to overcome
this limitation by changing the units.
References
UWI codes : "Formation Water Resistivities of Canada", CWLS, 1987.
API codes : "Recommended Standard Format for Recording Digital Well Log
Data on Magnetic Tape",
API - Bul. D-9, 3rd edition, 1981.
EXAMPLE #1 - ILLUSTRATING THE LOG ASCII STANDARD IN UNWRAPPED MODE
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~VERSION INFORMATION
VERS. 1.2: CWLS LOG ASCII STANDARD -VERSION 1.2
WRAP. NO: ONE LINE PER DEPTH STEP
~WELL INFORMATION BLOCK
#MNEM.UNIT DATA TYPE INFORMATION
#--------- ------------- ------------------------------
STRT.M 1670.000000:
STOP.M 1660.000000:
STEP.M -0.1250:
NULL. -999.2500:
COMP. COMPANY: ANY OIL COMPANY LTD.
WELL. WELL: ANY ET AL OIL WELL #12
FLD . FIELD: EDAM
LOC . LOCATION: A9-16-49-20W3M
PROV. PROVINCE: SASKATCHEWAN
SRVC. SERVICE COMPANY: ANY LOGGING COMPANY LTD.
DATE. LOG DATE: 25-DEC-1988
UWI . UNIQUE WELL ID: 100091604920W300
~CURVE INFORMATION
#MNEM.UNIT API CODE CURVE DESCRIPTION
#--------- ------------- ------------------------------
DEPT.M : 1 DEPTH
DT .US/M : 2 SONIC TRANSIT TIME
RHOB.K/M3 : 3 BULK DENSITY
NPHI.V/V : 4 NEUTRON POROSITY
SFLU.OHMM : 5 RXO RESISTIVITY
SFLA.OHMM : 6 SHALLOW RESISTIVITY
ILM .OHMM : 7 MEDIUM RESISTIVITY
ILD .OHMM : 8 DEEP RESISTIVITY
~PARAMETER INFORMATION
#MNEM.UNIT VALUE DESCRIPTION
#--------- ------------- ------------------------------
BHT .DEGC 35.5000: BOTTOM HOLE TEMPERATURE
BS .MM 200.0000: BIT SIZE
FD .K/M3 1000.0000: FLUID DENSITY
MATR. 0.0000: NEUTRON MATRIX(0=LIME,1=SAND,2=DOLO)
MDEN. 2710.0000: LOGGING MATRIX DENSITY
RMF .OHMM 0.2160: MUD FILTRATE RESISTIVITY
DFD .K/M3 1525.0000: DRILL FLUID DENSITY
~Other
Note: The logging tools became stuck at 625 meters causing the data
between 625 meters and 615 meters to be invalid.
~A DEPTH DT RHOB NPHI SFLU SFLA ILM ILD
1670.000 123.450 2550.000 0.450 123.450 123.450 110.200 105.600
1669.875 123.450 2550.000 0.450 123.450 123.450 110.200 105.600
1669.750 123.450 2550.000 0.450 123.450 123.450 110.200 105.600
EXAMPLE #2 - ILLUSTRATING THE MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS
OF THE LOG ASCII STANDARD IN UNWRAPPED MODE.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~V
VERS. 1.2: CWLS log ASCII Standard -VERSION 1.2
WRAP. NO: One line per depth step
~W
STRT.M 635.0000:
STOP.M 400.0000:
STEP.M -0.1250:
NULL. -999.25:
COMP. COMPANY: ANY OIL COMPANY INC.
WELL. WELL: ANY ET AL A9-16-49-20
FLD . FIELD: EDAM
LOC . LOCATION: A9-16-49-20W3M
PROV. PROVINCE: SASKATCHEWAN
SRVC. SERVICE COMPANY: ANY LOGGING COMPANY INC.
DATE. LOG DATE: 13-DEC-86
UWI . UNIQUE WELL ID: 100091604920W300
~C
DEPT.M : DEPTH
RHOB.K/M3 : BULK DENSITY
NPHI.VOL/VOL : NEUTRON POROSITY - SANDSTONE
MSFL.OHMM : Rxo RESISTIVITY
SFLA.OHMM : SHALLOW RESISTIVITY
ILM .OHMM : MEDIUM RESISTIVITY
ILD .OHMM : DEEP RESISTIVITY
SP .MV : SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
~A
635.0000 2256.0000 0.4033 22.0781 22.0781 20.3438 3.6660 123.4
634.8750 2256.0000 0.4033 22.0781 22.0781 20.3438 3.6660 123.4
EXAMPLE #3 - ILLUSTRATING THE WRAPPED VERSION
OF THE LOG ASCII STANDARD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
~Version Information
VERS. 1.20: CWLS log ASCII Standard -VERSION 1.20
WRAP. YES: Multiple lines per depth step
~Well Information
#MNEM.UNIT Data Type Information
#--------- ------------- ------------------------------
STRT.M 910.000:
STOP.M 901.000:
STEP.M -0.1250:
NULL. -999.2500: Null value
COMP. COMPANY: ANY OIL COMPANY INC.
WELL. WELL: ANY ET AL XX-XX-XX-XX
FLD . FIELD: WILDCAT
LOC . LOCATION: XX-XX-XX-XXW3M
PROV. PROVINCE: SASKATCHEWAN
SRVC. SERVICE COMPANY: ANY LOGGING COMPANY INC.
SON . SERVICE ORDER #: 142085
DATE. LOG DATE: 13-DEC-86
UWI . UNIQUE WELL ID:
~Curve Information
#MNEM.UNIT API CODE Curve Description
#--------- ------------- ------------------------------
DEPT.M : Depth
DT .US/M : 1 Sonic Travel Time
RHOB.K/M : 2 Density-Bulk Density
NPHI.V/V : 3 Porosity -Neutron
RX0 .OHMM : 4 Resistivity -Rxo
RESS.OHMM : 5 Resistivity -Shallow
RESM.OHMM : 6 Resistivity -Medium
RESD.OHMM : 7 Resistivity -Deep
SP .MV : 8 Spon. Potential
GR .GAPI : 9 Gamma Ray
CALI.MM : 10 Caliper
DRHO.K/M3 : 11 Delta-Rho
EATT.DBM : 12 EPT Attenuation
TPL .NS/M : 13 TP -EPT
PEF . : 14 PhotoElectric Factor
FFI .V/V : 15 Porosity -NML FFI
DCAL.MM : 16 Caliper-Differential
RHGF.K/M3 : 17 Density-Formation
RHGA.K/M3 : 18 Density-Apparent
SPBL.MV : 19 Baselined SP
GRC .GAPI : 20 Gamma Ray BHC
PHIA.V/V : 21 Porosity -Apparent
PHID.V/V : 22 Porosity -Density
PHIE.V/V : 23 Porosity -Effective
PHIN.V/V : 24 Porosity -Neut BHC
PHIC.V/V : 25 Porosity -Total HCC
R0 .OHMM : 26 Ro
RWA .OHMM : 27 Rfa
SW . : 28 Sw -Effective
MSI . : 29 Sh Idx -Min
BVW . : 30 BVW
FGAS. : 31 Flag -Gas Index
PIDX. : 32 Prod Idx
FBH . : 33 Flag -Bad Hole
FHCC. : 34 Flag -HC Correction
LSWB. : 35 Flag -Limit SWB
~A Log data section
910.000000
-999.2500 2692.7075 0.3140 19.4086 19.4086 13.1709 12.2681
-1.5010 96.5306 204.7177 30.5822 -999.2500 -999.2500 3.2515
-999.2500 4.7177 3025.0264 3025.0264 -1.5010 93.1378 0.1641
0.0101 0.1641 0.3140 0.1641 11.1397 0.3304 0.9529
0.0000 0.1564 0.0000 11.1397 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
909.875000
-999.2500 2712.6460 0.2886 23.3987 23.3987 13.6129 12.4744
-1.4720 90.2803 203.1093 18.7566 -999.2500 -999.2500 3.7058
-999.2500 3.1093 3004.6050 3004.6050 -1.4720 86.9078 0.1456
-0.0015 0.1456 0.2886 0.1456 14.1428 0.2646 1.0000
0.0000 0.1456 0.0000 14.1428 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
909.750000
-999.2500 2692.8137 0.2730 22.5909 22.5909 13.6821 12.6146
-1.4804 89.8492 201.9287 3.1551 -999.2500 -999.2500 4.3124
-999.2500 1.9287 2976.4451 2976.4451 -1.4804 86.3465 0.1435
0.0101 0.1435 0.2730 0.1435 14.5674 0.2598 1.0000
0.0000 0.1435 0.0000 14.5674 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
909.625000
-999.2500 2644.3650 0.2765 18.4831 18.4831 13.4159 12.6900
-1.5010 93.3999 201.5826 -6.5861 -999.2500 -999.2500 4.3822
-999.2500 1.5826 2955.3528 2955.3528 -1.5010 89.7142 0.1590
0.0384 0.1590 0.2765 0.1590 11.8600 0.3210 0.9667
0.0000 0.1538 0.0000 11.8600 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
909.500000
-999.2500 2586.2822 0.2996 13.9187 13.9187 12.9195 12.7016
-1.4916 98.1214 201.7126 -4.5574 -999.2500 -999.2500 3.5967
-999.2500 1.7126 2953.5940 2953.5940 -1.4916 94.2670 0.1880
0.0723 0.1880 0.2996 0.1880 8.4863 0.4490 0.8174
0.0000 0.1537 0.0000 8.4863 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
UPDATE AUGUST 14, 1991
The latest versions are as follows:
LAS -version 1.2
REFORMAT -version 2.0 (correcting errors in resampling and unwrap options)
CERTIFY -version 1.0
Please address any problems to:
Mr. Case Struyk, Chairman
C.W.L.S. Floppy Disk Committee
Suite 229, 640 - 5 Avenue, S.W.
Calgary, Alberta
T2P 3G4
tel: (403) 269 9366