Update Docker to 19.03.12 for Ubuntu, CentOS, RHEL

[xmudrii]

What this PR does / why we need it:

This PR updates Docker to 19.03.12 for Ubuntu, CentOS, and RHEL clusters running Kubernetes 1.17 and newer. The clusters running Kubernetes 1.16 and older are using Docker 18.06, as before this change.

The reason for updating Docker is that there is an issue with collecting metrics on 1.19 clusters using Docker 18.06. More details can be found in the following Kubernetes issue: kubernetes/kubernetes#94281

Special notes for your reviewer:

• I've decided to go with 19.03.12 as we already use it in KubeOne.
• Flatcar is still using Docker 18.06, as there is no stable release that includes Docker 19.03. There is a beta release that comes with Docker 19.03.11. If users want to use Flatcar with Kubernetes 1.19, and utilize the metrics, they can specify the custom AMI for Flatcar Beta if they're confident using it.
• I'm not sure which version is used by SLES. It seems like SLES comes with Docker, similar to Flatcar, as I don't see that we install it manually.

Optional Release Note:

Update Docker to 19.03.12 for Ubuntu, CentOS, and RHEL clusters running Kubernetes 1.17 and newer

/assign @kron4eg @xrstf

[kron4eg]

/approve

[kubermatic-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: kron4eg, xmudrii

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[kubermatic-bot]

LGTM label has been added.

Git tree hash: a224a18317ca40c6022119676aece51a13c205fb