chore: Remove runtime update of karpenter-global-settings

[jonathan-innis]

Fixes #154

Description

• Remove runtime update of karpenter-global-settings
• Creates a settings.Injectable interface that injects settings into the context
• Preps and allows us to move other settings into the CM if we choose that are currently sitting inside of the CLI arguments

How was this change tested?

make presubmit

By submitting this pull request, I confirm that my contribution is made under the terms of the Apache 2.0 license.

[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 4017778981

• 51 of 58 (87.93%) changed or added relevant lines in 6 files are covered.
• 12 unchanged lines in 3 files lost coverage.
• Overall coverage increased (+0.1%) to 79.29%

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Changes Missing Coverage	Covered Lines	Changed/Added Lines	%
pkg/operator/injection/fake/settings.go	9	10	90.0%
pkg/operator/injection/injection.go	22	24	91.67%
pkg/operator/operator.go	0	4	0.0%

Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
pkg/controllers/provisioning/provisioner.go	2	85.56%
pkg/controllers/provisioning/batcher.go	3	70.0%
pkg/test/expectations/expectations.go	7	92.89%

Totals
Change from base Build 4017760969:	0.1%
Covered Lines:	6390
Relevant Lines:	8059

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💛 - Coveralls

[ellistarn]

Can you make sure to document in a comment somewhere why we moved to static settings from dynamic settings?