horizontal.go

/*
Copyright 2015 The Kubernetes Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package podautoscaler

import (
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"time"

	autoscalingv1 "k8s.io/api/autoscaling/v1"
	autoscalingv2 "k8s.io/api/autoscaling/v2beta2"
	v1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
	apiequality "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/equality"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/errors"
	apimeta "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/meta"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource"
	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
	utilruntime "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/runtime"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait"
	autoscalinginformers "k8s.io/client-go/informers/autoscaling/v1"
	coreinformers "k8s.io/client-go/informers/core/v1"
	"k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes/scheme"
	autoscalingclient "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes/typed/autoscaling/v1"
	v1core "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes/typed/core/v1"
	autoscalinglisters "k8s.io/client-go/listers/autoscaling/v1"
	corelisters "k8s.io/client-go/listers/core/v1"
	scaleclient "k8s.io/client-go/scale"
	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/cache"
	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/record"
	"k8s.io/client-go/util/workqueue"
	"k8s.io/klog"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/api/legacyscheme"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/controller"
	metricsclient "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/controller/podautoscaler/metrics"
)

var (
	scaleUpLimitFactor  = 2.0
	scaleUpLimitMinimum = 4.0
)

type timestampedRecommendation struct {
	recommendation int32
	timestamp      time.Time
}

// HorizontalController is responsible for the synchronizing HPA objects stored
// in the system with the actual deployments/replication controllers they
// control.
type HorizontalController struct {
	scaleNamespacer scaleclient.ScalesGetter
	hpaNamespacer   autoscalingclient.HorizontalPodAutoscalersGetter
	mapper          apimeta.RESTMapper

	replicaCalc   *ReplicaCalculator
	eventRecorder record.EventRecorder

	downscaleStabilisationWindow time.Duration

	// hpaLister is able to list/get HPAs from the shared cache from the informer passed in to
	// NewHorizontalController.
	hpaLister       autoscalinglisters.HorizontalPodAutoscalerLister
	hpaListerSynced cache.InformerSynced

	// podLister is able to list/get Pods from the shared cache from the informer passed in to
	// NewHorizontalController.
	podLister       corelisters.PodLister
	podListerSynced cache.InformerSynced

	// Controllers that need to be synced
	queue workqueue.RateLimitingInterface

	// Latest unstabilized recommendations for each autoscaler.
	recommendations map[string][]timestampedRecommendation
}

// NewHorizontalController creates a new HorizontalController.
func NewHorizontalController(
	evtNamespacer v1core.EventsGetter,
	scaleNamespacer scaleclient.ScalesGetter,
	hpaNamespacer autoscalingclient.HorizontalPodAutoscalersGetter,
	mapper apimeta.RESTMapper,
	metricsClient metricsclient.MetricsClient,
	hpaInformer autoscalinginformers.HorizontalPodAutoscalerInformer,
	podInformer coreinformers.PodInformer,
	resyncPeriod time.Duration,
	downscaleStabilisationWindow time.Duration,
	tolerance float64,
	cpuInitializationPeriod,
	delayOfInitialReadinessStatus time.Duration,

) *HorizontalController {
	broadcaster := record.NewBroadcaster()
	broadcaster.StartLogging(klog.Infof)
	broadcaster.StartRecordingToSink(&v1core.EventSinkImpl{Interface: evtNamespacer.Events("")})
	recorder := broadcaster.NewRecorder(scheme.Scheme, v1.EventSource{Component: "horizontal-pod-autoscaler"})

	hpaController := &HorizontalController{
		eventRecorder:                recorder,
		scaleNamespacer:              scaleNamespacer,
		hpaNamespacer:                hpaNamespacer,
		downscaleStabilisationWindow: downscaleStabilisationWindow,
		queue:                        workqueue.NewNamedRateLimitingQueue(NewDefaultHPARateLimiter(resyncPeriod), "horizontalpodautoscaler"),
		mapper:                       mapper,
		recommendations:              map[string][]timestampedRecommendation{},
	}

	hpaInformer.Informer().AddEventHandlerWithResyncPeriod(
		cache.ResourceEventHandlerFuncs{
			AddFunc:    hpaController.enqueueHPA,
			UpdateFunc: hpaController.updateHPA,
			DeleteFunc: hpaController.deleteHPA,
		},
		resyncPeriod,
	)
	hpaController.hpaLister = hpaInformer.Lister()
	hpaController.hpaListerSynced = hpaInformer.Informer().HasSynced

	hpaController.podLister = podInformer.Lister()
	hpaController.podListerSynced = podInformer.Informer().HasSynced

	replicaCalc := NewReplicaCalculator(
		metricsClient,
		hpaController.podLister,
		tolerance,
		cpuInitializationPeriod,
		delayOfInitialReadinessStatus,
	)
	hpaController.replicaCalc = replicaCalc

	return hpaController
}

// Run begins watching and syncing.
func (a *HorizontalController) Run(stopCh <-chan struct{}) {
	defer utilruntime.HandleCrash()
	defer a.queue.ShutDown()

	klog.Infof("Starting HPA controller")
	defer klog.Infof("Shutting down HPA controller")

	if !controller.WaitForCacheSync("HPA", stopCh, a.hpaListerSynced, a.podListerSynced) {
		return
	}

	// start a single worker (we may wish to start more in the future)
	go wait.Until(a.worker, time.Second, stopCh)

	<-stopCh
}

// obj could be an *v1.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, or a DeletionFinalStateUnknown marker item.
func (a *HorizontalController) updateHPA(old, cur interface{}) {
	a.enqueueHPA(cur)
}

// obj could be an *v1.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, or a DeletionFinalStateUnknown marker item.
func (a *HorizontalController) enqueueHPA(obj interface{}) {
	key, err := controller.KeyFunc(obj)
	if err != nil {
		utilruntime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("couldn't get key for object %+v: %v", obj, err))
		return
	}

	// Requests are always added to queue with resyncPeriod delay.  If there's already
	// request for the HPA in the queue then a new request is always dropped. Requests spend resync
	// interval in queue so HPAs are processed every resync interval.
	a.queue.AddRateLimited(key)
}

func (a *HorizontalController) deleteHPA(obj interface{}) {
	key, err := controller.KeyFunc(obj)
	if err != nil {
		utilruntime.HandleError(fmt.Errorf("couldn't get key for object %+v: %v", obj, err))
		return
	}

	// TODO: could we leak if we fail to get the key?
	a.queue.Forget(key)
}

func (a *HorizontalController) worker() {
	for a.processNextWorkItem() {
	}
	klog.Infof("horizontal pod autoscaler controller worker shutting down")
}

func (a *HorizontalController) processNextWorkItem() bool {
	key, quit := a.queue.Get()
	if quit {
		return false
	}
	defer a.queue.Done(key)

	deleted, err := a.reconcileKey(key.(string))
	if err != nil {
		utilruntime.HandleError(err)
	}
	// Add request processing HPA to queue with resyncPeriod delay.
	// Requests are always added to queue with resyncPeriod delay. If there's already request
	// for the HPA in the queue then a new request is always dropped. Requests spend resyncPeriod
	// in queue so HPAs are processed every resyncPeriod.
	// Request is added here just in case last resync didn't insert request into the queue. This
	// happens quite often because there is race condition between adding request after resyncPeriod
	// and removing them from queue. Request can be added by resync before previous request is
	// removed from queue. If we didn't add request here then in this case one request would be dropped
	// and HPA would processed after 2 x resyncPeriod.
	if !deleted {
		a.queue.AddRateLimited(key)
	}

	return true
}

// computeReplicasForMetrics computes the desired number of replicas for the metric specifications listed in the HPA,
// returning the maximum of the computed replica counts, a description of the associated metric, and the statuses of
// all metrics computed.
func (a *HorizontalController) computeReplicasForMetrics(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, scale *autoscalingv1.Scale,
	metricSpecs []autoscalingv2.MetricSpec) (replicas int32, metric string, statuses []autoscalingv2.MetricStatus, timestamp time.Time, err error) {

	currentReplicas := scale.Status.Replicas

	statuses = make([]autoscalingv2.MetricStatus, len(metricSpecs))

	if scale.Status.Selector == "" {
		errMsg := "selector is required"
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "SelectorRequired", errMsg)
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "InvalidSelector", "the HPA target's scale is missing a selector")
		return 0, "", nil, time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
	}

	selector, err := labels.Parse(scale.Status.Selector)
	if err != nil {
		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("couldn't convert selector into a corresponding internal selector object: %v", err)
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "InvalidSelector", errMsg)
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "InvalidSelector", errMsg)
		return 0, "", nil, time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
	}

	invalidMetricsCount := 0
	var invalidMetricError error

	for i, metricSpec := range metricSpecs {
		replicaCountProposal, metricNameProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.computeReplicasForMetric(hpa, metricSpec, currentReplicas, selector, &statuses[i])

		if err != nil {
			invalidMetricsCount++
			invalidMetricError = err
		}
		if err == nil && (replicas == 0 || replicaCountProposal > replicas) {
			timestamp = timestampProposal
			replicas = replicaCountProposal
			metric = metricNameProposal
		}
	}

	// If all metrics are invalid or some are invalid and we would scale down,
	// return an error and set the condition of the hpa based on the first invalid metric.
	// Otherwise set the condition as scaling active as we're going to scale
	if invalidMetricsCount >= len(metricSpecs) || (invalidMetricsCount > 0 && replicas < currentReplicas) {
		return 0, "", statuses, time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("Invalid metrics (%v invalid out of %v), last error was: %v", invalidMetricsCount, len(metricSpecs), invalidMetricError)
	} else {
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionTrue, "ValidMetricFound", "the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from %v", metric)
	}
	return replicas, metric, statuses, timestamp, nil
}

// computeReplicasForMetric computes the desired number of replicas for for a specific hpa and single metric specification.
func (a *HorizontalController) computeReplicasForMetric(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, spec autoscalingv2.MetricSpec,
	currentReplicas int32, selector labels.Selector, status *autoscalingv2.MetricStatus) (replicaCountProposal int32, metricNameProposal string,
	timestampProposal time.Time, err error) {

	switch spec.Type {
	case autoscalingv2.ObjectMetricSourceType:
		metricSelector, err := metav1.LabelSelectorAsSelector(spec.Object.Metric.Selector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetObjectMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetObjectMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get object metric value: %v", err)
		}
		replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, metricNameProposal, err = a.computeStatusForObjectMetric(currentReplicas, spec, hpa, selector, status, metricSelector)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get object metric value: %v", err)
		}
	case autoscalingv2.PodsMetricSourceType:
		metricSelector, err := metav1.LabelSelectorAsSelector(spec.Pods.Metric.Selector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetPodsMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetPodsMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get pods metric value: %v", err)
		}
		replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, metricNameProposal, err = a.computeStatusForPodsMetric(currentReplicas, spec, hpa, selector, status, metricSelector)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get object metric value: %v", err)
		}
	case autoscalingv2.ResourceMetricSourceType:
		replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, metricNameProposal, err = a.computeStatusForResourceMetric(currentReplicas, spec, hpa, selector, status)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, "", time.Time{}, err
		}
	case autoscalingv2.ExternalMetricSourceType:
		replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, metricNameProposal, err = a.computeStatusForExternalMetric(currentReplicas, spec, hpa, selector, status)
		if err != nil {
			return 0, "", time.Time{}, err
		}
	default:
		errMsg := fmt.Sprintf("unknown metric source type %q", string(spec.Type))
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "InvalidMetricSourceType", errMsg)
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "InvalidMetricSourceType", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", fmt.Errorf(errMsg))
		return 0, "", time.Time{}, fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
	}
	return replicaCountProposal, metricNameProposal, timestampProposal, nil
}

func (a *HorizontalController) reconcileKey(key string) (deleted bool, err error) {
	namespace, name, err := cache.SplitMetaNamespaceKey(key)
	if err != nil {
		return true, err
	}

	hpa, err := a.hpaLister.HorizontalPodAutoscalers(namespace).Get(name)
	if errors.IsNotFound(err) {
		klog.Infof("Horizontal Pod Autoscaler %s has been deleted in %s", name, namespace)
		delete(a.recommendations, key)
		return true, nil
	}

	return false, a.reconcileAutoscaler(hpa, key)
}

// computeStatusForObjectMetric computes the desired number of replicas for the specified metric of type ObjectMetricSourceType.
func (a *HorizontalController) computeStatusForObjectMetric(currentReplicas int32, metricSpec autoscalingv2.MetricSpec, hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, selector labels.Selector, status *autoscalingv2.MetricStatus, metricSelector labels.Selector) (int32, time.Time, string, error) {
	if metricSpec.Object.Target.Type == autoscalingv2.ValueMetricType {
		replicaCountProposal, utilizationProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.replicaCalc.GetObjectMetricReplicas(currentReplicas, metricSpec.Object.Target.Value.MilliValue(), metricSpec.Object.Metric.Name, hpa.Namespace, &metricSpec.Object.DescribedObject, selector, metricSelector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetObjectMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetObjectMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, timestampProposal, "", err
		}
		*status = autoscalingv2.MetricStatus{
			Type: autoscalingv2.ObjectMetricSourceType,
			Object: &autoscalingv2.ObjectMetricStatus{
				DescribedObject: metricSpec.Object.DescribedObject,
				Metric: autoscalingv2.MetricIdentifier{
					Name:     metricSpec.Object.Metric.Name,
					Selector: metricSpec.Object.Metric.Selector,
				},
				Current: autoscalingv2.MetricValueStatus{
					Value: resource.NewMilliQuantity(utilizationProposal, resource.DecimalSI),
				},
			},
		}
		return replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, fmt.Sprintf("%s metric %s", metricSpec.Object.DescribedObject.Kind, metricSpec.Object.Metric.Name), nil
	} else if metricSpec.Object.Target.Type == autoscalingv2.AverageValueMetricType {
		replicaCountProposal, utilizationProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.replicaCalc.GetObjectPerPodMetricReplicas(currentReplicas, metricSpec.Object.Target.AverageValue.MilliValue(), metricSpec.Object.Metric.Name, hpa.Namespace, &metricSpec.Object.DescribedObject, metricSelector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetObjectMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetObjectMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get %s object metric: %v", metricSpec.Object.Metric.Name, err)
		}
		*status = autoscalingv2.MetricStatus{
			Type: autoscalingv2.ObjectMetricSourceType,
			Object: &autoscalingv2.ObjectMetricStatus{
				Metric: autoscalingv2.MetricIdentifier{
					Name:     metricSpec.Object.Metric.Name,
					Selector: metricSpec.Object.Metric.Selector,
				},
				Current: autoscalingv2.MetricValueStatus{
					AverageValue: resource.NewMilliQuantity(utilizationProposal, resource.DecimalSI),
				},
			},
		}
		return replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, fmt.Sprintf("external metric %s(%+v)", metricSpec.Object.Metric.Name, metricSpec.Object.Metric.Selector), nil
	}
	errMsg := "invalid object metric source: neither a value target nor an average value target was set"
	a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetObjectMetric", errMsg)
	setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetObjectMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %s", errMsg)
	return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
}

// computeStatusForPodsMetric computes the desired number of replicas for the specified metric of type PodsMetricSourceType.
func (a *HorizontalController) computeStatusForPodsMetric(currentReplicas int32, metricSpec autoscalingv2.MetricSpec, hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, selector labels.Selector, status *autoscalingv2.MetricStatus, metricSelector labels.Selector) (int32, time.Time, string, error) {
	replicaCountProposal, utilizationProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.replicaCalc.GetMetricReplicas(currentReplicas, metricSpec.Pods.Target.AverageValue.MilliValue(), metricSpec.Pods.Metric.Name, hpa.Namespace, selector, metricSelector)
	if err != nil {
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetPodsMetric", err.Error())
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetPodsMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
		return 0, timestampProposal, "", err
	}
	*status = autoscalingv2.MetricStatus{
		Type: autoscalingv2.PodsMetricSourceType,
		Pods: &autoscalingv2.PodsMetricStatus{
			Metric: autoscalingv2.MetricIdentifier{
				Name:     metricSpec.Pods.Metric.Name,
				Selector: metricSpec.Pods.Metric.Selector,
			},
			Current: autoscalingv2.MetricValueStatus{
				AverageValue: resource.NewMilliQuantity(utilizationProposal, resource.DecimalSI),
			},
		},
	}

	return replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, fmt.Sprintf("pods metric %s", metricSpec.Pods.Metric.Name), nil
}

// computeStatusForResourceMetric computes the desired number of replicas for the specified metric of type ResourceMetricSourceType.
func (a *HorizontalController) computeStatusForResourceMetric(currentReplicas int32, metricSpec autoscalingv2.MetricSpec, hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, selector labels.Selector, status *autoscalingv2.MetricStatus) (int32, time.Time, string, error) {
	if metricSpec.Resource.Target.AverageValue != nil {
		var rawProposal int64
		replicaCountProposal, rawProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.replicaCalc.GetRawResourceReplicas(currentReplicas, metricSpec.Resource.Target.AverageValue.MilliValue(), metricSpec.Resource.Name, hpa.Namespace, selector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetResourceMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetResourceMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get %s utilization: %v", metricSpec.Resource.Name, err)
		}
		metricNameProposal := fmt.Sprintf("%s resource", metricSpec.Resource.Name)
		*status = autoscalingv2.MetricStatus{
			Type: autoscalingv2.ResourceMetricSourceType,
			Resource: &autoscalingv2.ResourceMetricStatus{
				Name: metricSpec.Resource.Name,
				Current: autoscalingv2.MetricValueStatus{
					AverageValue: resource.NewMilliQuantity(rawProposal, resource.DecimalSI),
				},
			},
		}
		return replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, metricNameProposal, nil
	} else {
		if metricSpec.Resource.Target.AverageUtilization == nil {
			errMsg := "invalid resource metric source: neither a utilization target nor a value target was set"
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetResourceMetric", errMsg)
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetResourceMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %s", errMsg)
			return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
		}
		targetUtilization := *metricSpec.Resource.Target.AverageUtilization
		var percentageProposal int32
		var rawProposal int64
		replicaCountProposal, percentageProposal, rawProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.replicaCalc.GetResourceReplicas(currentReplicas, targetUtilization, metricSpec.Resource.Name, hpa.Namespace, selector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetResourceMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetResourceMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get %s utilization: %v", metricSpec.Resource.Name, err)
		}
		metricNameProposal := fmt.Sprintf("%s resource utilization (percentage of request)", metricSpec.Resource.Name)
		*status = autoscalingv2.MetricStatus{
			Type: autoscalingv2.ResourceMetricSourceType,
			Resource: &autoscalingv2.ResourceMetricStatus{
				Name: metricSpec.Resource.Name,
				Current: autoscalingv2.MetricValueStatus{
					AverageUtilization: &percentageProposal,
					AverageValue:       resource.NewMilliQuantity(rawProposal, resource.DecimalSI),
				},
			},
		}
		return replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, metricNameProposal, nil
	}
}

// computeStatusForExternalMetric computes the desired number of replicas for the specified metric of type ExternalMetricSourceType.
func (a *HorizontalController) computeStatusForExternalMetric(currentReplicas int32, metricSpec autoscalingv2.MetricSpec, hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, selector labels.Selector, status *autoscalingv2.MetricStatus) (int32, time.Time, string, error) {
	if metricSpec.External.Target.AverageValue != nil {
		replicaCountProposal, utilizationProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.replicaCalc.GetExternalPerPodMetricReplicas(currentReplicas, metricSpec.External.Target.AverageValue.MilliValue(), metricSpec.External.Metric.Name, hpa.Namespace, metricSpec.External.Metric.Selector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetExternalMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetExternalMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get %s external metric: %v", metricSpec.External.Metric.Name, err)
		}
		*status = autoscalingv2.MetricStatus{
			Type: autoscalingv2.ExternalMetricSourceType,
			External: &autoscalingv2.ExternalMetricStatus{
				Metric: autoscalingv2.MetricIdentifier{
					Name:     metricSpec.External.Metric.Name,
					Selector: metricSpec.External.Metric.Selector,
				},
				Current: autoscalingv2.MetricValueStatus{
					AverageValue: resource.NewMilliQuantity(utilizationProposal, resource.DecimalSI),
				},
			},
		}
		return replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, fmt.Sprintf("external metric %s(%+v)", metricSpec.External.Metric.Name, metricSpec.External.Metric.Selector), nil
	}
	if metricSpec.External.Target.Value != nil {
		replicaCountProposal, utilizationProposal, timestampProposal, err := a.replicaCalc.GetExternalMetricReplicas(currentReplicas, metricSpec.External.Target.Value.MilliValue(), metricSpec.External.Metric.Name, hpa.Namespace, metricSpec.External.Metric.Selector, selector)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetExternalMetric", err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetExternalMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %v", err)
			return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get external metric %s: %v", metricSpec.External.Metric.Name, err)
		}
		*status = autoscalingv2.MetricStatus{
			Type: autoscalingv2.ExternalMetricSourceType,
			External: &autoscalingv2.ExternalMetricStatus{
				Metric: autoscalingv2.MetricIdentifier{
					Name:     metricSpec.External.Metric.Name,
					Selector: metricSpec.External.Metric.Selector,
				},
				Current: autoscalingv2.MetricValueStatus{
					Value: resource.NewMilliQuantity(utilizationProposal, resource.DecimalSI),
				},
			},
		}
		return replicaCountProposal, timestampProposal, fmt.Sprintf("external metric %s(%+v)", metricSpec.External.Metric.Name, metricSpec.External.Metric.Selector), nil
	}
	errMsg := "invalid external metric source: neither a value target nor an average value target was set"
	a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetExternalMetric", errMsg)
	setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetExternalMetric", "the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: %s", errMsg)
	return 0, time.Time{}, "", fmt.Errorf(errMsg)
}

func (a *HorizontalController) recordInitialRecommendation(currentReplicas int32, key string) {
	if a.recommendations[key] == nil {
		a.recommendations[key] = []timestampedRecommendation{{currentReplicas, time.Now()}}
	}
}

func (a *HorizontalController) reconcileAutoscaler(hpav1Shared *autoscalingv1.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, key string) error {
	// make a copy so that we never mutate the shared informer cache (conversion can mutate the object)
	hpav1 := hpav1Shared.DeepCopy()
	// then, convert to autoscaling/v2, which makes our lives easier when calculating metrics
	hpaRaw, err := unsafeConvertToVersionVia(hpav1, autoscalingv2.SchemeGroupVersion)
	if err != nil {
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpav1, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedConvertHPA", err.Error())
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to convert the given HPA to %s: %v", autoscalingv2.SchemeGroupVersion.String(), err)
	}
	hpa := hpaRaw.(*autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler)
	hpaStatusOriginal := hpa.Status.DeepCopy()

	reference := fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s/%s", hpa.Spec.ScaleTargetRef.Kind, hpa.Namespace, hpa.Spec.ScaleTargetRef.Name)

	targetGV, err := schema.ParseGroupVersion(hpa.Spec.ScaleTargetRef.APIVersion)
	if err != nil {
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetScale", err.Error())
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetScale", "the HPA controller was unable to get the target's current scale: %v", err)
		a.updateStatusIfNeeded(hpaStatusOriginal, hpa)
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid API version in scale target reference: %v", err)
	}

	targetGK := schema.GroupKind{
		Group: targetGV.Group,
		Kind:  hpa.Spec.ScaleTargetRef.Kind,
	}

	mappings, err := a.mapper.RESTMappings(targetGK)
	if err != nil {
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetScale", err.Error())
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetScale", "the HPA controller was unable to get the target's current scale: %v", err)
		a.updateStatusIfNeeded(hpaStatusOriginal, hpa)
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to determine resource for scale target reference: %v", err)
	}

	scale, targetGR, err := a.scaleForResourceMappings(hpa.Namespace, hpa.Spec.ScaleTargetRef.Name, mappings)
	if err != nil {
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedGetScale", err.Error())
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedGetScale", "the HPA controller was unable to get the target's current scale: %v", err)
		a.updateStatusIfNeeded(hpaStatusOriginal, hpa)
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to query scale subresource for %s: %v", reference, err)
	}
	setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionTrue, "SucceededGetScale", "the HPA controller was able to get the target's current scale")
	currentReplicas := scale.Status.Replicas
	a.recordInitialRecommendation(currentReplicas, key)

	var (
		metricStatuses        []autoscalingv2.MetricStatus
		metricDesiredReplicas int32
		metricName            string
	)

	desiredReplicas := int32(0)
	rescaleReason := ""

	rescale := true

	if scale.Spec.Replicas == 0 {
		// Autoscaling is disabled for this resource
		desiredReplicas = 0
		rescale = false
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingActive, v1.ConditionFalse, "ScalingDisabled", "scaling is disabled since the replica count of the target is zero")
	} else if currentReplicas > hpa.Spec.MaxReplicas {
		rescaleReason = "Current number of replicas above Spec.MaxReplicas"
		desiredReplicas = hpa.Spec.MaxReplicas
	} else if hpa.Spec.MinReplicas != nil && currentReplicas < *hpa.Spec.MinReplicas {
		rescaleReason = "Current number of replicas below Spec.MinReplicas"
		desiredReplicas = *hpa.Spec.MinReplicas
	} else if currentReplicas == 0 {
		rescaleReason = "Current number of replicas must be greater than 0"
		desiredReplicas = 1
	} else {
		var metricTimestamp time.Time
		metricDesiredReplicas, metricName, metricStatuses, metricTimestamp, err = a.computeReplicasForMetrics(hpa, scale, hpa.Spec.Metrics)
		if err != nil {
			a.setCurrentReplicasInStatus(hpa, currentReplicas)
			if err := a.updateStatusIfNeeded(hpaStatusOriginal, hpa); err != nil {
				utilruntime.HandleError(err)
			}
			a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedComputeMetricsReplicas", err.Error())
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to compute desired number of replicas based on listed metrics for %s: %v", reference, err)
		}

		klog.V(4).Infof("proposing %v desired replicas (based on %s from %s) for %s", metricDesiredReplicas, metricName, metricTimestamp, reference)

		rescaleMetric := ""
		if metricDesiredReplicas > desiredReplicas {
			desiredReplicas = metricDesiredReplicas
			rescaleMetric = metricName
		}
		if desiredReplicas > currentReplicas {
			rescaleReason = fmt.Sprintf("%s above target", rescaleMetric)
		}
		if desiredReplicas < currentReplicas {
			rescaleReason = "All metrics below target"
		}
		desiredReplicas = a.normalizeDesiredReplicas(hpa, key, currentReplicas, desiredReplicas)
		rescale = desiredReplicas != currentReplicas
	}

	if rescale {
		scale.Spec.Replicas = desiredReplicas
		_, err = a.scaleNamespacer.Scales(hpa.Namespace).Update(targetGR, scale)
		if err != nil {
			a.eventRecorder.Eventf(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedRescale", "New size: %d; reason: %s; error: %v", desiredReplicas, rescaleReason, err.Error())
			setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionFalse, "FailedUpdateScale", "the HPA controller was unable to update the target scale: %v", err)
			a.setCurrentReplicasInStatus(hpa, currentReplicas)
			if err := a.updateStatusIfNeeded(hpaStatusOriginal, hpa); err != nil {
				utilruntime.HandleError(err)
			}
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to rescale %s: %v", reference, err)
		}
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionTrue, "SucceededRescale", "the HPA controller was able to update the target scale to %d", desiredReplicas)
		a.eventRecorder.Eventf(hpa, v1.EventTypeNormal, "SuccessfulRescale", "New size: %d; reason: %s", desiredReplicas, rescaleReason)
		klog.Infof("Successful rescale of %s, old size: %d, new size: %d, reason: %s",
			hpa.Name, currentReplicas, desiredReplicas, rescaleReason)
	} else {
		klog.V(4).Infof("decided not to scale %s to %v (last scale time was %s)", reference, desiredReplicas, hpa.Status.LastScaleTime)
		desiredReplicas = currentReplicas
	}

	a.setStatus(hpa, currentReplicas, desiredReplicas, metricStatuses, rescale)
	return a.updateStatusIfNeeded(hpaStatusOriginal, hpa)
}

// stabilizeRecommendation:
// - replaces old recommendation with the newest recommendation,
// - returns max of recommendations that are not older than downscaleStabilisationWindow.
func (a *HorizontalController) stabilizeRecommendation(key string, prenormalizedDesiredReplicas int32) int32 {
	maxRecommendation := prenormalizedDesiredReplicas
	foundOldSample := false
	oldSampleIndex := 0
	cutoff := time.Now().Add(-a.downscaleStabilisationWindow)
	for i, rec := range a.recommendations[key] {
		if rec.timestamp.Before(cutoff) {
			foundOldSample = true
			oldSampleIndex = i
		} else if rec.recommendation > maxRecommendation {
			maxRecommendation = rec.recommendation
		}
	}
	if foundOldSample {
		a.recommendations[key][oldSampleIndex] = timestampedRecommendation{prenormalizedDesiredReplicas, time.Now()}
	} else {
		a.recommendations[key] = append(a.recommendations[key], timestampedRecommendation{prenormalizedDesiredReplicas, time.Now()})
	}
	return maxRecommendation
}

// normalizeDesiredReplicas takes the metrics desired replicas value and normalizes it based on the appropriate conditions (i.e. < maxReplicas, >
// minReplicas, etc...)
func (a *HorizontalController) normalizeDesiredReplicas(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, key string, currentReplicas int32, prenormalizedDesiredReplicas int32) int32 {
	stabilizedRecommendation := a.stabilizeRecommendation(key, prenormalizedDesiredReplicas)
	if stabilizedRecommendation != prenormalizedDesiredReplicas {
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionTrue, "ScaleDownStabilized", "recent recommendations were higher than current one, applying the highest recent recommendation")
	} else {
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.AbleToScale, v1.ConditionTrue, "ReadyForNewScale", "recommended size matches current size")
	}
	var minReplicas int32
	if hpa.Spec.MinReplicas != nil {
		minReplicas = *hpa.Spec.MinReplicas
	} else {
		minReplicas = 0
	}

	desiredReplicas, condition, reason := convertDesiredReplicasWithRules(currentReplicas, stabilizedRecommendation, minReplicas, hpa.Spec.MaxReplicas)

	if desiredReplicas == stabilizedRecommendation {
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingLimited, v1.ConditionFalse, condition, reason)
	} else {
		setCondition(hpa, autoscalingv2.ScalingLimited, v1.ConditionTrue, condition, reason)
	}

	return desiredReplicas
}

// convertDesiredReplicas performs the actual normalization, without depending on `HorizontalController` or `HorizontalPodAutoscaler`
func convertDesiredReplicasWithRules(currentReplicas, desiredReplicas, hpaMinReplicas, hpaMaxReplicas int32) (int32, string, string) {

	var minimumAllowedReplicas int32
	var maximumAllowedReplicas int32

	var possibleLimitingCondition string
	var possibleLimitingReason string

	if hpaMinReplicas == 0 {
		minimumAllowedReplicas = 1
		possibleLimitingReason = "the desired replica count is zero"
	} else {
		minimumAllowedReplicas = hpaMinReplicas
		possibleLimitingReason = "the desired replica count is less than the minimum replica count"
	}

	// Do not upscale too much to prevent incorrect rapid increase of the number of master replicas caused by
	// bogus CPU usage report from heapster/kubelet (like in issue #32304).
	scaleUpLimit := calculateScaleUpLimit(currentReplicas)

	if hpaMaxReplicas > scaleUpLimit {
		maximumAllowedReplicas = scaleUpLimit

		possibleLimitingCondition = "ScaleUpLimit"
		possibleLimitingReason = "the desired replica count is increasing faster than the maximum scale rate"
	} else {
		maximumAllowedReplicas = hpaMaxReplicas

		possibleLimitingCondition = "TooManyReplicas"
		possibleLimitingReason = "the desired replica count is more than the maximum replica count"
	}

	if desiredReplicas < minimumAllowedReplicas {
		possibleLimitingCondition = "TooFewReplicas"

		return minimumAllowedReplicas, possibleLimitingCondition, possibleLimitingReason
	} else if desiredReplicas > maximumAllowedReplicas {
		return maximumAllowedReplicas, possibleLimitingCondition, possibleLimitingReason
	}

	return desiredReplicas, "DesiredWithinRange", "the desired count is within the acceptable range"
}

func calculateScaleUpLimit(currentReplicas int32) int32 {
	return int32(math.Max(scaleUpLimitFactor*float64(currentReplicas), scaleUpLimitMinimum))
}

// scaleForResourceMappings attempts to fetch the scale for the
// resource with the given name and namespace, trying each RESTMapping
// in turn until a working one is found.  If none work, the first error
// is returned.  It returns both the scale, as well as the group-resource from
// the working mapping.
func (a *HorizontalController) scaleForResourceMappings(namespace, name string, mappings []*apimeta.RESTMapping) (*autoscalingv1.Scale, schema.GroupResource, error) {
	var firstErr error
	for i, mapping := range mappings {
		targetGR := mapping.Resource.GroupResource()
		scale, err := a.scaleNamespacer.Scales(namespace).Get(targetGR, name)
		if err == nil {
			return scale, targetGR, nil
		}

		// if this is the first error, remember it,
		// then go on and try other mappings until we find a good one
		if i == 0 {
			firstErr = err
		}
	}

	// make sure we handle an empty set of mappings
	if firstErr == nil {
		firstErr = fmt.Errorf("unrecognized resource")
	}

	return nil, schema.GroupResource{}, firstErr
}

// setCurrentReplicasInStatus sets the current replica count in the status of the HPA.
func (a *HorizontalController) setCurrentReplicasInStatus(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, currentReplicas int32) {
	a.setStatus(hpa, currentReplicas, hpa.Status.DesiredReplicas, hpa.Status.CurrentMetrics, false)
}

// setStatus recreates the status of the given HPA, updating the current and
// desired replicas, as well as the metric statuses
func (a *HorizontalController) setStatus(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, currentReplicas, desiredReplicas int32, metricStatuses []autoscalingv2.MetricStatus, rescale bool) {
	hpa.Status = autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerStatus{
		CurrentReplicas: currentReplicas,
		DesiredReplicas: desiredReplicas,
		LastScaleTime:   hpa.Status.LastScaleTime,
		CurrentMetrics:  metricStatuses,
		Conditions:      hpa.Status.Conditions,
	}

	if rescale {
		now := metav1.NewTime(time.Now())
		hpa.Status.LastScaleTime = &now
	}
}

// updateStatusIfNeeded calls updateStatus only if the status of the new HPA is not the same as the old status
func (a *HorizontalController) updateStatusIfNeeded(oldStatus *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerStatus, newHPA *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler) error {
	// skip a write if we wouldn't need to update
	if apiequality.Semantic.DeepEqual(oldStatus, &newHPA.Status) {
		return nil
	}
	return a.updateStatus(newHPA)
}

// updateStatus actually does the update request for the status of the given HPA
func (a *HorizontalController) updateStatus(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler) error {
	// convert back to autoscalingv1
	hpaRaw, err := unsafeConvertToVersionVia(hpa, autoscalingv1.SchemeGroupVersion)
	if err != nil {
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedConvertHPA", err.Error())
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to convert the given HPA to %s: %v", autoscalingv2.SchemeGroupVersion.String(), err)
	}
	hpav1 := hpaRaw.(*autoscalingv1.HorizontalPodAutoscaler)

	_, err = a.hpaNamespacer.HorizontalPodAutoscalers(hpav1.Namespace).UpdateStatus(hpav1)
	if err != nil {
		a.eventRecorder.Event(hpa, v1.EventTypeWarning, "FailedUpdateStatus", err.Error())
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update status for %s: %v", hpa.Name, err)
	}
	klog.V(2).Infof("Successfully updated status for %s", hpa.Name)
	return nil
}

// unsafeConvertToVersionVia is like Scheme.UnsafeConvertToVersion, but it does so via an internal version first.
// We use it since working with v2alpha1 is convenient here, but we want to use the v1 client (and
// can't just use the internal version).  Note that conversion mutates the object, so you need to deepcopy
// *before* you call this if the input object came out of a shared cache.
func unsafeConvertToVersionVia(obj runtime.Object, externalVersion schema.GroupVersion) (runtime.Object, error) {
	objInt, err := legacyscheme.Scheme.UnsafeConvertToVersion(obj, schema.GroupVersion{Group: externalVersion.Group, Version: runtime.APIVersionInternal})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert the given object to the internal version: %v", err)
	}

	objExt, err := legacyscheme.Scheme.UnsafeConvertToVersion(objInt, externalVersion)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to convert the given object back to the external version: %v", err)
	}

	return objExt, err
}

// setCondition sets the specific condition type on the given HPA to the specified value with the given reason
// and message.  The message and args are treated like a format string.  The condition will be added if it is
// not present.
func setCondition(hpa *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscaler, conditionType autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerConditionType, status v1.ConditionStatus, reason, message string, args ...interface{}) {
	hpa.Status.Conditions = setConditionInList(hpa.Status.Conditions, conditionType, status, reason, message, args...)
}

// setConditionInList sets the specific condition type on the given HPA to the specified value with the given
// reason and message.  The message and args are treated like a format string.  The condition will be added if
// it is not present.  The new list will be returned.
func setConditionInList(inputList []autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition, conditionType autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerConditionType, status v1.ConditionStatus, reason, message string, args ...interface{}) []autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition {
	resList := inputList
	var existingCond *autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition
	for i, condition := range resList {
		if condition.Type == conditionType {
			// can't take a pointer to an iteration variable
			existingCond = &resList[i]
			break
		}
	}

	if existingCond == nil {
		resList = append(resList, autoscalingv2.HorizontalPodAutoscalerCondition{
			Type: conditionType,
		})
		existingCond = &resList[len(resList)-1]
	}

	if existingCond.Status != status {
		existingCond.LastTransitionTime = metav1.Now()
	}

	existingCond.Status = status
	existingCond.Reason = reason
	existingCond.Message = fmt.Sprintf(message, args...)

	return resList
}