[release-1.25] [go] Bump images, versions and deps to use Go 1.20.9

[cpanato]

What type of PR is this?

/kind feature

What this PR does / why we need it:

• Bump images, dependencies and versions to go 1.20.9

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

xref kubernetes/release#3294

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

Kubernetes is now built with Go 1.20.9

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

Note: this also bumped the protoc version in response to kubernetes/release#3147 which bumped the protoc version in the cross image. If we need to roll that version back, we need to revert this or roll forward to a new set of cross images.

/assign @saschagrunert @xmudrii @jeremyrickard @Verolop @liggitt @dims
cc @kubernetes/release-engineering

[k8s-ci-robot]

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[dims]

/approve
/retest

[liggitt]

/lgtm
/approve

[k8s-ci-robot]

LGTM label has been added.

Git tree hash: 20ef2c376018b6a95db7da1e11ca141033fe3f51

[liggitt]

/retest

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: cpanato, dims, liggitt, saschagrunert, xmudrii

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