[go] Bump images, dependencies and versions to go 1.22.3 and distroless iptables

[cpanato]

What type of PR is this?

/kind feature

What this PR does / why we need it:

• Bump images, dependencies and versions to go 1.22.3 and distroless iptables

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:

Part of kubernetes/release#3597

/assign @MadhavJivrajani @liggitt @xmudrii @puerco
cc @kubernetes/release-managers

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?

Kubernetes is now built with go 1.22.3

Additional documentation e.g., KEPs (Kubernetes Enhancement Proposals), usage docs, etc.:

[k8s-ci-robot]

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[dims]

/approve
/lgtm

[k8s-ci-robot]

LGTM label has been added.

Git tree hash: 88e42040cd878fc32ebb432f5ca0835461bca66f

[k8s-ci-robot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: cpanato, dims

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• OWNERS [dims]
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[jberkus]

Title of this PR has the wrong Go version, please fix?