[8.x] Fix bug with error handling in closure scheduled tasks

[jszobody]

This PR fixes a bug with #33914. Previously I was setting the exitCode at the end, right before returning $response. This means though that the afterCallbacks including onSuccess and onFailure were run before the exit code was set. Oops.

framework/src/Illuminate/Console/Scheduling/CallbackEvent.php

Lines 87 to 90 in 5a748ee

	parent::callAfterCallbacks($container);
	}
	$this->exitCode = $response === false ? 1 : 0;

This PR moves just the one line of code so that the exitCode is set right away, inside the main try block. I've also updated the integration test to actually test with callbacks, instead of just checking the exitCode.