feat(linear_algebra/affine_space/barycentric_coords): barycentric coo…

…rdinates are ratio of determinants (#10320)

The main goal of this PR is the new lemma `affine_basis.det_smul_coords_eq_camer_coords`

A secondary goal is a minor refactor of barycentric coordinates so that they are associated to a new structure `affine_basis`. As well as making the API for affine spaces more similar to that of modules, this enables an extremely useful dot notation.

The work here could easily be split into two PRs and I will happily do so if requested.

Formalized as part of the Sphere Eversion project.

src/analysis/convex/combination.lean

@@ -410,24 +410,24 @@ lemma mem_Icc_of_mem_std_simplex (hf : f ∈ std_simplex R ι) (x) :
 
 /-- The convex hull of an affine basis is the intersection of the half-spaces defined by the
 corresponding barycentric coordinates. -/
-lemma convex_hull_affine_basis_eq_nonneg_barycentric {ι : Type*}
-  {p : ι → E} (h_ind : affine_independent R p) (h_tot : affine_span R (range p) = ⊤) :
-  convex_hull R (range p) = { x | ∀ i, 0 ≤ barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot i x } :=
+lemma convex_hull_affine_basis_eq_nonneg_barycentric {ι : Type*} (b : affine_basis ι R E) :
+  convex_hull R (range b.points) = { x | ∀ i, 0 ≤ b.coord i x } :=
 begin
   rw convex_hull_range_eq_exists_affine_combination,
   ext x,
   split,
   { rintros ⟨s, w, hw₀, hw₁, rfl⟩ i,
     by_cases hi : i ∈ s,
-    { rw barycentric_coord_apply_combination_of_mem h_ind h_tot hi hw₁,
+    { rw b.coord_apply_combination_of_mem hi hw₁,
       exact hw₀ i hi, },
-    { rw barycentric_coord_apply_combination_of_not_mem h_ind h_tot hi hw₁, }, },
+    { rw b.coord_apply_combination_of_not_mem hi hw₁, }, },
   { intros hx,
-    have hx' : x ∈ affine_span R (range p), { rw h_tot, exact affine_subspace.mem_top R E x, },
+    have hx' : x ∈ affine_span R (range b.points),
+    { rw b.tot, exact affine_subspace.mem_top R E x, },
     obtain ⟨s, w, hw₁, rfl⟩ := (mem_affine_span_iff_eq_affine_combination R E).mp hx',
     refine ⟨s, w, _, hw₁, rfl⟩,
     intros i hi,
     specialize hx i,
-    rw barycentric_coord_apply_combination_of_mem h_ind h_tot hi hw₁ at hx,
+    rw b.coord_apply_combination_of_mem hi hw₁ at hx,
     exact hx, },
 end

src/analysis/normed_space/add_torsor_bases.lean

@@ -28,19 +28,17 @@ section barycentric
 variables {ι 𝕜 E P : Type*} [nondiscrete_normed_field 𝕜] [complete_space 𝕜]
 variables [normed_group E] [normed_space 𝕜 E] [finite_dimensional 𝕜 E]
 variables [metric_space P] [normed_add_torsor E P]
-variables {p : ι → P} (h_ind : affine_independent 𝕜 p) (h_tot : affine_span 𝕜 (set.range p) = ⊤)
+variables (b : affine_basis ι 𝕜 P)
 
 @[continuity]
-lemma continuous_barycentric_coord (i : ι) : continuous (barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot i) :=
+lemma continuous_barycentric_coord (i : ι) : continuous (b.coord i) :=
 affine_map.continuous_of_finite_dimensional _
 
 local attribute [instance] finite_dimensional.complete
 
 lemma is_open_map_barycentric_coord [nontrivial ι] (i : ι) :
-  is_open_map (barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot i) :=
-open_mapping_affine
-  (continuous_barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot i)
-  (surjective_barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot i)
+  is_open_map (b.coord i) :=
+open_mapping_affine (continuous_barycentric_coord b i) (b.surjective_coord i)
 
 end barycentric
 
@@ -53,27 +51,26 @@ to this basis.
 TODO Restate this result for affine spaces (instead of vector spaces) once the definition of
 convexity is generalised to this setting. -/
 lemma interior_convex_hull_aff_basis {ι E : Type*} [fintype ι] [normed_group E] [normed_space ℝ E]
-  {p : ι → E} (h_ind : affine_independent ℝ p) (h_tot : affine_span ℝ (range p) = ⊤) :
-  interior (convex_hull ℝ (range p)) = { x | ∀ i, 0 < barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot i x } :=
+  (b : affine_basis ι ℝ E) :
+  interior (convex_hull ℝ (range b.points)) = { x | ∀ i, 0 < b.coord i x } :=
 begin
   cases subsingleton_or_nontrivial ι with h h,
   { -- The zero-dimensional case.
     haveI := h,
-    suffices : range p = univ, { simp [this], },
-    refine affine_subspace.eq_univ_of_subsingleton_span_eq_top _ h_tot,
+    suffices : range (b.points) = univ, { simp [this], },
+    refine affine_subspace.eq_univ_of_subsingleton_span_eq_top _ b.tot,
     rw ← image_univ,
-    exact subsingleton.image subsingleton_of_subsingleton p, },
+    exact subsingleton.image subsingleton_of_subsingleton b.points, },
   { -- The positive-dimensional case.
     haveI : finite_dimensional ℝ E,
     { classical,
       obtain ⟨i⟩ := (infer_instance : nonempty ι),
-      have b := basis_of_aff_ind_span_eq_top h_ind h_tot i,
-      exact finite_dimensional.of_fintype_basis b, },
-    have : convex_hull ℝ (range p) = ⋂ i, (barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot i)⁻¹' Ici 0,
-    { rw convex_hull_affine_basis_eq_nonneg_barycentric h_ind h_tot, ext, simp, },
+      exact finite_dimensional.of_fintype_basis (b.basis_of i), },
+    have : convex_hull ℝ (range b.points) = ⋂ i, (b.coord i)⁻¹' Ici 0,
+    { rw convex_hull_affine_basis_eq_nonneg_barycentric b, ext, simp, },
     ext,
     simp only [this, interior_Inter_of_fintype, ← is_open_map.preimage_interior_eq_interior_preimage
-      (continuous_barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot _) (is_open_map_barycentric_coord h_ind h_tot _),
+      (continuous_barycentric_coord b _) (is_open_map_barycentric_coord b _),
       interior_Ici, mem_Inter, mem_set_of_eq, mem_Ioi, mem_preimage], },
 end
 
@@ -140,17 +137,17 @@ begin
     obtain ⟨t, hts, h_tot, h_ind⟩ := exists_affine_independent ℝ V s,
     suffices : (interior (convex_hull ℝ (range (coe : t → V)))).nonempty,
     { rw [subtype.range_coe_subtype, set_of_mem_eq] at this,
-      apply nonempty.mono _ this, 
+      apply nonempty.mono _ this,
       mono* },
     haveI : fintype t := fintype_of_fin_dim_affine_independent ℝ h_ind,
     use finset.centroid ℝ (finset.univ : finset t) (coe : t → V),
     rw [h, ← @set_of_mem_eq V t, ← subtype.range_coe_subtype] at h_tot,
-    rw interior_convex_hull_aff_basis h_ind h_tot,
+    let b : affine_basis t ℝ V := ⟨coe, h_ind, h_tot⟩,
+    rw interior_convex_hull_aff_basis b,
     have htne : (finset.univ : finset t).nonempty,
     { simpa [finset.univ_nonempty_iff] using
         affine_subspace.nonempty_of_affine_span_eq_top ℝ V V h_tot, },
-    simp [finset.centroid_def,
-      barycentric_coord_apply_combination_of_mem h_ind h_tot (finset.mem_univ _)
+    simp [finset.centroid_def, b.coord_apply_combination_of_mem (finset.mem_univ _)
       (finset.sum_centroid_weights_eq_one_of_nonempty ℝ (finset.univ : finset t) htne),
       finset.centroid_weights_apply, nat.cast_pos, inv_pos, finset.card_pos.mpr htne], },
 end