feat(algebra/archimedean): add fractional parts of reals

src/algebra/archimedean.lean

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Authors: Mario Carneiro
 
 Archimedean groups and fields.
 -/
-import algebra.group_power data.rat tactic.linarith
+import algebra.group_power data.rat tactic.linarith tactic.abel
 
 local infix ` • ` := add_monoid.smul
 
@@ -78,6 +78,79 @@ begin
   exact abs_sub_lt_iff.2 ⟨by linarith, by linarith⟩
 end
 
+lemma floor_eq_iff {r : α} {z : ℤ} :
+  ⌊r⌋ = z ↔ ↑z ≤ r ∧ r < (z + 1) :=
+by rw [←le_floor, ←int.cast_one, ←int.cast_add, ←floor_lt,
+int.lt_add_one_iff, le_antisymm_iff, and.comm]
+
+/-- The fractional part fract r of r is just r - ⌊r⌋ -/
+def fract (r : α) : α := r - ⌊r⌋
+
+-- Mathematical notation is usually {r}. Let's not even go there.
+-- I have no notation currently.
+
+@[simp] theorem fract_add_floor (r : α) : (⌊r⌋ : α) + fract r = r := by unfold fract;simp
+
+theorem fract_nonneg (r : α) : 0 ≤ fract r :=
+sub_nonneg.2 $ floor_le _
+
+theorem fract_lt_one (r : α) : fract r < 1 :=
+sub_lt.1 $ sub_one_lt_floor _
+
+@[simp] lemma fract_zero : fract (0 : α) = 0 := by unfold fract; simp
+
+@[simp] lemma fract_coe (z : ℤ) : fract (z : α) = 0 :=
+by unfold fract; rw floor_coe; exact sub_self _
+
+@[simp] lemma fract_floor (r : α) : fract (⌊r⌋ : α) = 0 := fract_coe _
+
+@[simp] lemma floor_fract (r : α) : ⌊fract r⌋ = 0 :=
+by rw floor_eq_iff; exact ⟨fract_nonneg _,
+  by rw [int.cast_zero, zero_add]; exact fract_lt_one r⟩
+
+theorem fract_eq_iff {r s : α} : fract r = s ↔ 0 ≤ s ∧ s < 1 ∧ ∃ z : ℤ, r - s = z :=
+⟨λ h, by rw ←h; exact ⟨fract_nonneg _, fract_lt_one _,
+  ⟨⌊r⌋, sub_sub_cancel _ _⟩⟩, begin
+    intro h,
+    show r - ⌊r⌋ = s, apply eq.symm,
+    rw [eq_sub_iff_add_eq, add_comm, ←eq_sub_iff_add_eq],
+    rcases h with ⟨hge, hlt, ⟨z, hz⟩⟩,
+    rw [hz, int.cast_inj, floor_eq_iff, ←hz],
+    clear hz, split; linarith {discharger := `[simp]}
+  end⟩
+
+theorem fract_eq_fract {r s : α} : fract r = fract s ↔ ∃ z : ℤ, r - s = z :=
+⟨λ h, ⟨⌊r⌋ - ⌊s⌋, begin
+  unfold fract at h, rw [int.cast_sub, sub_eq_sub_iff_sub_eq_sub.1 h],
+ end⟩,
+λ h, begin
+  rcases h with ⟨z, hz⟩,
+  rw fract_eq_iff,
+  split, exact fract_nonneg _,
+  split, exact fract_lt_one _,
+  use z + ⌊s⌋,
+  rw [eq_add_of_sub_eq hz, int.cast_add],
+  unfold fract, simp
+end⟩
+
+@[simp] lemma fract_fract (r : α) : fract (fract r) = fract r :=
+by rw fract_eq_fract; exact ⟨-⌊r⌋, by unfold fract;simp⟩
+
+theorem fract_add (r s : α) : ∃ z : ℤ, fract (r + s) - fract r - fract s = z :=
+⟨⌊r⌋ + ⌊s⌋ - ⌊r + s⌋, by unfold fract; simp⟩
+
+theorem fract_mul_nat (r : α) (b : ℕ) : ∃ z : ℤ, fract r * b - fract (r * b) = z :=
+begin
+  induction b with c hc,
+    use 0, simp,
+  rcases hc with ⟨z, hz⟩,
+  rw [nat.succ_eq_add_one, nat.cast_add, mul_add, mul_add, nat.cast_one, mul_one, mul_one],
+  rcases fract_add (r * c) r with ⟨y, hy⟩,
+  use z - y,
+  rw [int.cast_sub, ←hz, ←hy],
+  abel
+end
+
 /-- `ceil x` is the smallest integer `z` such that `x ≤ z` -/
 def ceil (x : α) : ℤ := -⌊-x⌋
 

src/algebra/group.lean

@@ -626,6 +626,10 @@ section add_comm_group
   lemma sub_sub_sub_cancel_left (a b c : α) : (c - a) - (c - b) = b - a :=
   by rw [← neg_sub b c, sub_neg_eq_add, add_comm, sub_add_sub_cancel]
 
+  lemma sub_eq_sub_iff_sub_eq_sub {d : α} :
+  a - b = c - d ↔ a - c = b - d :=
+  ⟨λ h, by rw eq_add_of_sub_eq h; simp, λ h, by rw eq_add_of_sub_eq h; simp⟩
+
 end add_comm_group
 
 section is_conj