feat(order/ideal): order ideals, cofinal sets and the Rasiowa-Sikorsk…

…i lemma (#2850)

We define order ideals and cofinal sets, and use them to prove the (very simple) Rasiowa-Sikorski lemma: given a countable family of cofinal subsets of an inhabited preorder, there is an upwards directed set meeting each one. This provides an API for certain recursive constructions.

src/order/ideal.lean

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+/-
+Copyright (c) 2020 David Wärn. All rights reserved.
+Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
+Authors: David Wärn
+-/
+import order.basic
+import data.equiv.encodable
+
+/-!
+# Order ideals, cofinal sets, and the Rasiowa–Sikorski lemma
+
+## Main definitions
+
+We work with a preorder `P` throughout.
+
+- `ideal P`: the type of upward directed, downward closed subsets of `P`.
+             Dual to the notion of a filter on a preorder.
+- `cofinal P`: the type of subsets of `P` containing arbitrarily large elements.
+               Dual to the notion of 'dense set' used in forcing.
+- `ideal_of_cofinals p 𝒟`, where `p : P`, and `𝒟` is a countable family of cofinal
+  subsets of P: an ideal in `P` which contains `p` and intersects every set in `𝒟`.
+
+## References
+
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_(order_theory)
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofinal_(mathematics)
+- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasiowa–Sikorski_lemma
+
+Note that for the Rasiowa–Sikorski lemma, Wikipedia uses the opposite ordering on `P`,
+in line with most presentations of forcing.
+
+## Tags
+
+ideal, cofinal, dense, countable, generic
+
+-/
+
+namespace order
+
+variables {P : Type*} [preorder P]
+
+/-- An ideal on a preorder `P` is a subset of `P` that is
+  - nonempty
+  - upward directed
+  - downward closed. -/
+structure ideal (P) [preorder P] :=
+(carrier   : set P)
+(nonempty  : carrier.nonempty)
+(directed  : directed_on (≤) carrier)
+(mem_of_le : ∀ {x y : P}, x ≤ y → y ∈ carrier → x ∈ carrier)
+
+namespace ideal
+
+/-- The smallest ideal containing a given element. -/
+def principal (p : P) : ideal P :=
+{ carrier   := { x | x ≤ p },
+  nonempty  := ⟨p, le_refl _⟩,
+  directed  := λ x hx y hy, ⟨p, le_refl _, hx, hy⟩,
+  mem_of_le := λ x y hxy hy, le_trans hxy hy, }
+
+instance [inhabited P] : inhabited (ideal P) :=
+⟨ideal.principal $ default P⟩
+
+instance : has_mem P (ideal P) := ⟨λ x I, x ∈ I.carrier⟩
+
+end ideal
+
+/-- For a preorder `P`, `cofinal P` is the type of subsets of `P`
+  containing arbitrarily large elements. They are the dense sets in
+  the topology whose open sets are terminal segments. -/
+structure cofinal (P) [preorder P] :=
+(carrier : set P)
+(mem_gt  : ∀ x : P, ∃ y ∈ carrier, x ≤ y)
+
+instance : inhabited (cofinal P) :=
+⟨{ carrier := set.univ, mem_gt := λ x, ⟨x, trivial, le_refl _⟩}⟩
+
+instance : has_mem P (cofinal P) := ⟨λ x D, x ∈ D.carrier⟩
+
+namespace cofinal
+
+variables (D : cofinal P) (x : P)
+/-- A (noncomputable) element of a cofinal set lying above a given element. -/
+noncomputable def above : P := classical.some $ D.mem_gt x
+
+lemma above_mem : D.above x ∈ D :=
+exists.elim (classical.some_spec $ D.mem_gt x) $ λ a _, a
+
+lemma le_above : x ≤ D.above x :=
+exists.elim (classical.some_spec $ D.mem_gt x) $ λ _ b, b
+
+end cofinal
+
+section ideal_of_cofinals
+
+variables (p : P) {ι : Type*} [encodable ι] (𝒟 : ι → cofinal P)
+
+/-- Given a starting point, and a countable family of cofinal sets,
+  this is an increasing sequence that intersects each cofinal set. -/
+noncomputable def sequence_of_cofinals : ℕ → P
+| 0 := p
+| (n+1) := match encodable.decode ι n with
+           | none   := sequence_of_cofinals n
+           | some i := (𝒟 i).above (sequence_of_cofinals n)
+           end
+
+lemma sequence_of_cofinals.monotone : monotone (sequence_of_cofinals p 𝒟) :=
+by { apply monotone_of_monotone_nat, intros n, dunfold sequence_of_cofinals,
+  cases encodable.decode ι n, { refl }, { apply cofinal.le_above }, }
+
+lemma sequence_of_cofinals.encode_mem (i : ι) :
+  sequence_of_cofinals p 𝒟 (encodable.encode i + 1) ∈ 𝒟 i :=
+by { dunfold sequence_of_cofinals, rw encodable.encodek, apply cofinal.above_mem, }
+
+/-- Given an element `p : P` and a family `𝒟` of cofinal subsets of a preorder `P`,
+  indexed by a countable type, `ideal_of_cofinals p 𝒟` is an ideal in `P` which
+  - contains `p`, according to `mem_ideal_of_cofinals p 𝒟`, and
+  - intersects every set in `𝒟`, according to `cofinal_meets_ideal_of_cofinals p 𝒟`.
+
+  This proves the Rasiowa–Sikorski lemma. -/
+def ideal_of_cofinals : ideal P :=
+{ carrier   := { x : P | ∃ n, x ≤ sequence_of_cofinals p 𝒟 n },
+  nonempty  := ⟨p, 0, le_refl _⟩,
+  directed  := λ x ⟨n, hn⟩ y ⟨m, hm⟩,
+               ⟨_, ⟨max n m, le_refl _⟩,
+               le_trans hn $ sequence_of_cofinals.monotone p 𝒟 (le_max_left _ _),
+               le_trans hm $ sequence_of_cofinals.monotone p 𝒟 (le_max_right _ _) ⟩,
+  mem_of_le := λ x y hxy ⟨n, hn⟩, ⟨n, le_trans hxy hn⟩, }
+
+lemma mem_ideal_of_cofinals : p ∈ ideal_of_cofinals p 𝒟 := ⟨0, le_refl _⟩
+
+/-- `ideal_of_cofinals p 𝒟` is `𝒟`-generic. -/
+lemma cofinal_meets_ideal_of_cofinals (i : ι) : ∃ x : P, x ∈ 𝒟 i ∧ x ∈ ideal_of_cofinals p 𝒟 :=
+⟨_, sequence_of_cofinals.encode_mem p 𝒟 i, _, le_refl _⟩
+
+end ideal_of_cofinals
+
+end order