IO.lean

/-
Copyright (c) 2017 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Authors: Luke Nelson, Jared Roesch, Leonardo de Moura, Sebastian Ullrich
-/
prelude
import Init.Control.EState
import Init.Control.Reader
import Init.Data.String
import Init.Data.ByteArray
import Init.System.IOError
import Init.System.FilePath
import Init.System.ST
import Init.Data.ToString.Macro
import Init.Data.Ord

open System

/-- Like https://hackage.haskell.org/package/ghc-Prim-0.5.2.0/docs/GHC-Prim.html#t:RealWorld.
    Makes sure we never reorder `IO` operations.

    TODO: mark opaque -/
def IO.RealWorld : Type := Unit

/- TODO(Leo): mark it as an opaque definition. Reason: prevent
   functions defined in other modules from accessing `IO.RealWorld`.
   We don't want action such as
   ```
   def getWorld : IO (IO.RealWorld) := get
   ```
-/
def EIO (ε : Type) : Type → Type := EStateM ε IO.RealWorld

instance : Monad (EIO ε) := inferInstanceAs (Monad (EStateM ε IO.RealWorld))
instance : MonadFinally (EIO ε) := inferInstanceAs (MonadFinally (EStateM ε IO.RealWorld))
instance : MonadExceptOf ε (EIO ε) := inferInstanceAs (MonadExceptOf ε (EStateM ε IO.RealWorld))
instance : OrElse (EIO ε α) := ⟨MonadExcept.orElse⟩
instance [Inhabited ε] : Inhabited (EIO ε α) := inferInstanceAs (Inhabited (EStateM ε IO.RealWorld α))

/-- An `EIO` monad that cannot throw exceptions. -/
def BaseIO := EIO Empty

instance : Monad BaseIO := inferInstanceAs (Monad (EIO Empty))
instance : MonadFinally BaseIO := inferInstanceAs (MonadFinally (EIO Empty))

@[always_inline, inline]
def BaseIO.toEIO (act : BaseIO α) : EIO ε α :=
  fun s => match act s with
  | EStateM.Result.ok a s => EStateM.Result.ok a s

instance : MonadLift BaseIO (EIO ε) := ⟨BaseIO.toEIO⟩

@[always_inline, inline]
def EIO.toBaseIO (act : EIO ε α) : BaseIO (Except ε α) :=
  fun s => match act s with
  | EStateM.Result.ok a s     => EStateM.Result.ok (Except.ok a) s
  | EStateM.Result.error ex s => EStateM.Result.ok (Except.error ex) s

@[always_inline, inline]
def EIO.catchExceptions (act : EIO ε α) (h : ε → BaseIO α) : BaseIO α :=
  fun s => match act s with
  | EStateM.Result.ok a s     => EStateM.Result.ok a s
  | EStateM.Result.error ex s => h ex s

open IO (Error) in
abbrev IO : Type → Type := EIO Error

@[inline] def BaseIO.toIO (act : BaseIO α) : IO α :=
  act

@[inline] def EIO.toIO (f : ε → IO.Error) (act : EIO ε α) : IO α :=
  act.adaptExcept f

@[inline] def EIO.toIO' (act : EIO ε α) : IO (Except ε α) :=
  act.toBaseIO

@[inline] def IO.toEIO (f : IO.Error → ε) (act : IO α) : EIO ε α :=
  act.adaptExcept f

/- After we inline `EState.run'`, the closed term `((), ())` is generated, where the second `()`
   represents the "initial world". We don't want to cache this closed term. So, we disable
   the "extract closed terms" optimization. -/
set_option compiler.extract_closed false in
@[inline] unsafe def unsafeBaseIO (fn : BaseIO α) : α :=
  match fn.run () with
  | EStateM.Result.ok a _ => a

@[inline] unsafe def unsafeEIO (fn : EIO ε α) : Except ε α :=
  unsafeBaseIO fn.toBaseIO

@[inline] unsafe def unsafeIO (fn : IO α) : Except IO.Error α :=
  unsafeEIO fn

@[extern "lean_io_timeit"] opaque timeit (msg : @& String) (fn : IO α) : IO α
@[extern "lean_io_allocprof"] opaque allocprof (msg : @& String) (fn : IO α) : IO α

/-- Programs can execute IO actions during initialization that occurs before
   the `main` function is executed. The attribute `[init <action>]` specifies
   which IO action is executed to set the value of an opaque constant.

   The action `initializing` returns `true` iff it is invoked during initialization. -/
@[extern "lean_io_initializing"] opaque IO.initializing : BaseIO Bool

namespace BaseIO

/--
  Run `act` in a separate `Task`.
  This is similar to Haskell's [`unsafeInterleaveIO`](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.14.0.0/docs/System-IO-Unsafe.html#v:unsafeInterleaveIO),
  except that the `Task` is started eagerly as usual. Thus pure accesses to the `Task` do not influence the impure `act`
  computation.
  Unlike with pure tasks created by `Task.spawn`, tasks created by this function will be run even if the last reference
  to the task is dropped. The `act` should manually check for cancellation via `IO.checkCanceled` if it wants to react
  to that. -/
@[extern "lean_io_as_task"]
opaque asTask (act : BaseIO α) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task α) :=
  Task.pure <$> act

/-- See `BaseIO.asTask`. -/
@[extern "lean_io_map_task"]
opaque mapTask (f : α → BaseIO β) (t : Task α) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task β) :=
  Task.pure <$> f t.get

/-- See `BaseIO.asTask`. -/
@[extern "lean_io_bind_task"]
opaque bindTask (t : Task α) (f : α → BaseIO (Task β)) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task β) :=
  f t.get

def mapTasks (f : List α → BaseIO β) (tasks : List (Task α)) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task β) :=
  go tasks []
where
  go
    | t::ts, as =>
      BaseIO.bindTask t (fun a => go ts (a :: as)) prio
    | [], as => f as.reverse |>.asTask prio

end BaseIO

namespace EIO

/-- `EIO` specialization of `BaseIO.asTask`. -/
@[inline] def asTask (act : EIO ε α) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except ε α)) :=
  act.toBaseIO.asTask prio

/-- `EIO` specialization of `BaseIO.mapTask`. -/
@[inline] def mapTask (f : α → EIO ε β) (t : Task α) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except ε β)) :=
  BaseIO.mapTask (fun a => f a |>.toBaseIO) t prio

/-- `EIO` specialization of `BaseIO.bindTask`. -/
@[inline] def bindTask (t : Task α) (f : α → EIO ε (Task (Except ε β))) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except ε β)) :=
  BaseIO.bindTask t (fun a => f a |>.catchExceptions fun e => return Task.pure <| Except.error e) prio

/-- `EIO` specialization of `BaseIO.mapTasks`. -/
@[inline] def mapTasks (f : List α → EIO ε β) (tasks : List (Task α)) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except ε β)) :=
  BaseIO.mapTasks (fun as => f as |>.toBaseIO) tasks prio

end EIO

namespace IO

def ofExcept [ToString ε] (e : Except ε α) : IO α :=
  match e with
  | Except.ok a    => pure a
  | Except.error e => throw (IO.userError (toString e))

def lazyPure (fn : Unit → α) : IO α :=
  pure (fn ())

/-- Monotonically increasing time since an unspecified past point in milliseconds. No relation to wall clock time. -/
@[extern "lean_io_mono_ms_now"] opaque monoMsNow : BaseIO Nat

/-- Monotonically increasing time since an unspecified past point in nanoseconds. No relation to wall clock time. -/
@[extern "lean_io_mono_nanos_now"] opaque monoNanosNow : BaseIO Nat

/-- Read bytes from a system entropy source. Not guaranteed to be cryptographically secure.
If `nBytes = 0`, return immediately with an empty buffer. -/
@[extern "lean_io_get_random_bytes"] opaque getRandomBytes (nBytes : USize) : IO ByteArray

def sleep (ms : UInt32) : BaseIO Unit :=
  -- TODO: add a proper primitive for IO.sleep
  fun s => dbgSleep ms fun _ => EStateM.Result.ok () s

/-- `IO` specialization of `EIO.asTask`. -/
@[inline] def asTask (act : IO α) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except IO.Error α)) :=
  EIO.asTask act prio

/-- `IO` specialization of `EIO.mapTask`. -/
@[inline] def mapTask (f : α → IO β) (t : Task α) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except IO.Error β)) :=
  EIO.mapTask f t prio

/-- `IO` specialization of `EIO.bindTask`. -/
@[inline] def bindTask (t : Task α) (f : α → IO (Task (Except IO.Error β))) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except IO.Error β)) :=
  EIO.bindTask t f prio

/-- `IO` specialization of `EIO.mapTasks`. -/
@[inline] def mapTasks (f : List α → IO β) (tasks : List (Task α)) (prio := Task.Priority.default) : BaseIO (Task (Except IO.Error β)) :=
  EIO.mapTasks f tasks prio

/-- Check if the task's cancellation flag has been set by calling `IO.cancel` or dropping the last reference to the task. -/
@[extern "lean_io_check_canceled"] opaque checkCanceled : BaseIO Bool

/-- Request cooperative cancellation of the task. The task must explicitly call `IO.checkCanceled` to react to the cancellation. -/
@[extern "lean_io_cancel"] opaque cancel : @& Task α → BaseIO Unit

/-- Check if the task has finished execution, at which point calling `Task.get` will return immediately. -/
@[extern "lean_io_has_finished"] opaque hasFinished : @& Task α → BaseIO Bool

/-- Wait for the task to finish, then return its result. -/
@[extern "lean_io_wait"] opaque wait (t : Task α) : BaseIO α :=
  return t.get

local macro "nonempty_list" : tactic =>
  `(tactic| exact Nat.zero_lt_succ _)

/-- Wait until any of the tasks in the given list has finished, then return its result. -/
@[extern "lean_io_wait_any"] opaque waitAny (tasks : @& List (Task α))
    (h : tasks.length > 0 := by nonempty_list) : BaseIO α :=
  return tasks[0].get

/-- Helper method for implementing "deterministic" timeouts. It is the number of "small" memory allocations performed by the current execution thread. -/
@[extern "lean_io_get_num_heartbeats"] opaque getNumHeartbeats : BaseIO Nat

inductive FS.Mode where
  | read | write | readWrite | append

opaque FS.Handle : Type := Unit

/--
  A pure-Lean abstraction of POSIX streams. We use `Stream`s for the standard streams stdin/stdout/stderr so we can
  capture output of `#eval` commands into memory. -/
structure FS.Stream where
  flush   : IO Unit
  /--
Read up to the given number of bytes from the stream.
If the returned array is empty, an end-of-file marker has been reached.
Note that EOF does not actually close a stream, so further reads may block and return more data.
  -/
  read    : USize → IO ByteArray
  write   : ByteArray → IO Unit
  /--
Read text up to (including) the next line break from the stream.
If the returned string is empty, an end-of-file marker has been reached.
Note that EOF does not actually close a stream, so further reads may block and return more data.
  -/
  getLine : IO String
  putStr  : String → IO Unit
  deriving Inhabited

open FS

@[extern "lean_get_stdin"] opaque getStdin  : BaseIO FS.Stream
@[extern "lean_get_stdout"] opaque getStdout : BaseIO FS.Stream
@[extern "lean_get_stderr"] opaque getStderr : BaseIO FS.Stream

/-- Replaces the stdin stream of the current thread and returns its previous value. -/
@[extern "lean_get_set_stdin"] opaque setStdin  : FS.Stream → BaseIO FS.Stream
/-- Replaces the stdout stream of the current thread and returns its previous value. -/
@[extern "lean_get_set_stdout"] opaque setStdout : FS.Stream → BaseIO FS.Stream
/-- Replaces the stderr stream of the current thread and returns its previous value. -/
@[extern "lean_get_set_stderr"] opaque setStderr : FS.Stream → BaseIO FS.Stream

@[specialize] partial def iterate (a : α) (f : α → IO (Sum α β)) : IO β := do
  let v ← f a
  match v with
  | Sum.inl a => iterate a f
  | Sum.inr b => pure b

namespace FS

namespace Handle

@[extern "lean_io_prim_handle_mk"] opaque mk (fn : @& FilePath) (mode : FS.Mode) : IO Handle
@[extern "lean_io_prim_handle_flush"] opaque flush (h : @& Handle) : IO Unit
/--
Read up to the given number of bytes from the handle.
If the returned array is empty, an end-of-file marker has been reached.
Note that EOF does not actually close a handle, so further reads may block and return more data.
-/
@[extern "lean_io_prim_handle_read"] opaque read (h : @& Handle) (bytes : USize) : IO ByteArray
@[extern "lean_io_prim_handle_write"] opaque write (h : @& Handle) (buffer : @& ByteArray) : IO Unit

/--
Read text up to (including) the next line break from the handle.
If the returned string is empty, an end-of-file marker has been reached.
Note that EOF does not actually close a handle, so further reads may block and return more data.
-/
@[extern "lean_io_prim_handle_get_line"] opaque getLine (h : @& Handle) : IO String
@[extern "lean_io_prim_handle_put_str"] opaque putStr (h : @& Handle) (s : @& String) : IO Unit

end Handle

@[extern "lean_io_realpath"] opaque realPath (fname : FilePath) : IO FilePath
@[extern "lean_io_remove_file"] opaque removeFile (fname : @& FilePath) : IO Unit
/-- Remove given directory. Fails if not empty; see also `IO.FS.removeDirAll`. -/
@[extern "lean_io_remove_dir"] opaque removeDir : @& FilePath → IO Unit
@[extern "lean_io_create_dir"] opaque createDir : @& FilePath → IO Unit

end FS

@[extern "lean_io_getenv"] opaque getEnv (var : @& String) : BaseIO (Option String)
@[extern "lean_io_app_path"] opaque appPath : IO FilePath
@[extern "lean_io_current_dir"] opaque currentDir : IO FilePath

namespace FS

@[inline]
def withFile (fn : FilePath) (mode : Mode) (f : Handle → IO α) : IO α :=
  Handle.mk fn mode >>= f

def Handle.putStrLn (h : Handle) (s : String) : IO Unit :=
  h.putStr (s.push '\n')

partial def Handle.readBinToEnd (h : Handle) : IO ByteArray := do
  let rec loop (acc : ByteArray) : IO ByteArray := do
    let buf ← h.read 1024
    if buf.isEmpty then
      return acc
    else
      loop (acc ++ buf)
  loop ByteArray.empty

partial def Handle.readToEnd (h : Handle) : IO String := do
  let rec loop (s : String) := do
    let line ← h.getLine
    if line.isEmpty then
      return s
    else
      loop (s ++ line)
  loop ""

def readBinFile (fname : FilePath) : IO ByteArray := do
  let h ← Handle.mk fname Mode.read
  h.readBinToEnd

def readFile (fname : FilePath) : IO String := do
  let h ← Handle.mk fname Mode.read
  h.readToEnd

partial def lines (fname : FilePath) : IO (Array String) := do
  let h ← Handle.mk fname Mode.read
  let rec read (lines : Array String) := do
    let line ← h.getLine
    if line.length == 0 then
      pure lines
    else if line.back == '\n' then
      let line := line.dropRight 1
      let line := if System.Platform.isWindows && line.back == '\x0d' then line.dropRight 1 else line
      read <| lines.push line
    else
      pure <| lines.push line
  read #[]

def writeBinFile (fname : FilePath) (content : ByteArray) : IO Unit := do
  let h ← Handle.mk fname Mode.write
  h.write content

def writeFile (fname : FilePath) (content : String) : IO Unit := do
  let h ← Handle.mk fname Mode.write
  h.putStr content

def Stream.putStrLn (strm : FS.Stream) (s : String) : IO Unit :=
  strm.putStr (s.push '\n')

structure DirEntry where
  root     : FilePath
  fileName : String
  deriving Repr

def DirEntry.path (entry : DirEntry) : FilePath :=
  entry.root / entry.fileName

inductive FileType where
  | dir
  | file
  | symlink
  | other
  deriving Repr, BEq

structure SystemTime where
  sec  : Int
  nsec : UInt32
  deriving Repr, BEq, Ord, Inhabited

instance : LT SystemTime := ltOfOrd
instance : LE SystemTime := leOfOrd

structure Metadata where
  --permissions : ...
  accessed : SystemTime
  modified : SystemTime
  byteSize : UInt64
  type     : FileType
  deriving Repr

end FS
end IO

namespace System.FilePath
open IO

@[extern "lean_io_read_dir"]
opaque readDir : @& FilePath → IO (Array IO.FS.DirEntry)

@[extern "lean_io_metadata"]
opaque metadata : @& FilePath → IO IO.FS.Metadata

def isDir (p : FilePath) : BaseIO Bool := do
  match (← p.metadata.toBaseIO) with
  | Except.ok m => return m.type == IO.FS.FileType.dir
  | Except.error _ => return false

def pathExists (p : FilePath) : BaseIO Bool :=
  return (← p.metadata.toBaseIO).toBool

/--
  Return all filesystem entries of a preorder traversal of all directories satisfying `enter`, starting at `p`.
  Symbolic links are visited as well by default. -/
partial def walkDir (p : FilePath) (enter : FilePath → IO Bool := fun _ => pure true) : IO (Array FilePath) :=
  Prod.snd <$> StateT.run (go p) #[]
where
  go p := do
    if !(← enter p) then
      return ()
    for d in (← p.readDir) do
      modify (·.push d.path)
      match (← d.path.metadata.toBaseIO) with
      | .ok { type := .symlink, .. } =>
        let p' ← FS.realPath d.path
        if (← p'.isDir) then
          -- do not call `enter` on a non-directory symlink
          if (← enter p) then
            go p'
      | .ok { type := .dir, .. } => go d.path
      | .ok _ => pure ()
      -- entry vanished, ignore
      | .error (.noFileOrDirectory ..) => pure ()
      | .error e => throw e

end System.FilePath

namespace IO

def withStdin [Monad m] [MonadFinally m] [MonadLiftT BaseIO m] (h : FS.Stream) (x : m α) : m α := do
  let prev ← setStdin h
  try x finally discard <| setStdin prev

def withStdout [Monad m] [MonadFinally m] [MonadLiftT BaseIO m] (h : FS.Stream) (x : m α) : m α := do
  let prev ← setStdout h
  try
    x
  finally
    discard <| setStdout prev

def withStderr [Monad m] [MonadFinally m] [MonadLiftT BaseIO m] (h : FS.Stream) (x : m α) : m α := do
  let prev ← setStderr h
  try x finally discard <| setStderr prev

def print [ToString α] (s : α) : IO Unit := do
  let out ← getStdout
  out.putStr <| toString s

def println [ToString α] (s : α) : IO Unit :=
  print ((toString s).push '\n')

def eprint [ToString α] (s : α) : IO Unit := do
  let out ← getStderr
  out.putStr <| toString s

def eprintln [ToString α] (s : α) : IO Unit :=
  eprint <| toString s |>.push '\n'

@[export lean_io_eprint]
private def eprintAux (s : String) : IO Unit :=
  eprint s

@[export lean_io_eprintln]
private def eprintlnAux (s : String) : IO Unit :=
  eprintln s

def appDir : IO FilePath := do
  let p ← appPath
  let some p ← pure p.parent
    | throw <| IO.userError s!"System.IO.appDir: unexpected filename '{p}'"
  FS.realPath p

/-- Create given path and all missing parents as directories. -/
partial def FS.createDirAll (p : FilePath) : IO Unit := do
  if ← p.isDir then
    return ()
  if let some parent := p.parent then
    createDirAll parent
  try
    createDir p
  catch
    | e =>
      if ← p.isDir then
        pure ()  -- I guess someone else was faster
      else
        throw e

/--
  Fully remove given directory by deleting all contained files and directories in an unspecified order.
  Fails if any contained entry cannot be deleted or was newly created during execution. -/
partial def FS.removeDirAll (p : FilePath) : IO Unit := do
  for ent in (← p.readDir) do
    if (← ent.path.isDir : Bool) then
      removeDirAll ent.path
    else
      removeFile ent.path
  removeDir p

namespace Process
inductive Stdio where
  | piped
  | inherit
  | null

def Stdio.toHandleType : Stdio → Type
  | Stdio.piped   => FS.Handle
  | Stdio.inherit => Unit
  | Stdio.null    => Unit

structure StdioConfig where
  /-- Configuration for the process' stdin handle. -/
  stdin := Stdio.inherit
  /-- Configuration for the process' stdout handle. -/
  stdout := Stdio.inherit
  /-- Configuration for the process' stderr handle. -/
  stderr := Stdio.inherit

structure SpawnArgs extends StdioConfig where
  /-- Command name. -/
  cmd : String
  /-- Arguments for the process -/
  args : Array String := #[]
  /-- Working directory for the process. Inherit from current process if `none`. -/
  cwd : Option FilePath := none
  /-- Add or remove environment variables for the process. -/
  env : Array (String × Option String) := #[]

-- TODO(Sebastian): constructor must be private
structure Child (cfg : StdioConfig) where
  stdin  : cfg.stdin.toHandleType
  stdout : cfg.stdout.toHandleType
  stderr : cfg.stderr.toHandleType

@[extern "lean_io_process_spawn"] opaque spawn (args : SpawnArgs) : IO (Child args.toStdioConfig)

@[extern "lean_io_process_child_wait"] opaque Child.wait {cfg : @& StdioConfig} : @& Child cfg → IO UInt32

/--
Extract the `stdin` field from a `Child` object, allowing them to be freed independently.
This operation is necessary for closing the child process' stdin while still holding on to a process handle,
e.g. for `Child.wait`. A file handle is closed when all references to it are dropped, which without this
operation includes the `Child` object.
-/
@[extern "lean_io_process_child_take_stdin"] opaque Child.takeStdin {cfg : @& StdioConfig} : Child cfg →
    IO (cfg.stdin.toHandleType × Child { cfg with stdin := Stdio.null })

structure Output where
  exitCode : UInt32
  stdout   : String
  stderr   : String

/-- Run process to completion and capture output. -/
def output (args : SpawnArgs) : IO Output := do
  let child ← spawn { args with stdout := Stdio.piped, stderr := Stdio.piped }
  let stdout ← IO.asTask child.stdout.readToEnd Task.Priority.dedicated
  let stderr ← child.stderr.readToEnd
  let exitCode ← child.wait
  let stdout ← IO.ofExcept stdout.get
  pure { exitCode := exitCode, stdout := stdout, stderr := stderr }

/-- Run process to completion and return stdout on success. -/
def run (args : SpawnArgs) : IO String := do
  let out ← output args
  if out.exitCode != 0 then
    throw <| IO.userError <| "process '" ++ args.cmd ++ "' exited with code " ++ toString out.exitCode
  pure out.stdout

@[extern "lean_io_exit"] opaque exit : UInt8 → IO α

end Process

structure AccessRight where
  read : Bool := false
  write : Bool := false
  execution : Bool := false

def AccessRight.flags (acc : AccessRight) : UInt32 :=
  let r : UInt32 := if acc.read      then 0x4 else 0
  let w : UInt32 := if acc.write     then 0x2 else 0
  let x : UInt32 := if acc.execution then 0x1 else 0
  r.lor <| w.lor x

structure FileRight where
  user  : AccessRight := {}
  group : AccessRight := {}
  other : AccessRight := {}

def FileRight.flags (acc : FileRight) : UInt32 :=
  let u : UInt32 := acc.user.flags.shiftLeft 6
  let g : UInt32 := acc.group.flags.shiftLeft 3
  let o : UInt32 := acc.other.flags
  u.lor <| g.lor o

@[extern "lean_chmod"] opaque Prim.setAccessRights (filename : @& FilePath) (mode : UInt32) : IO Unit

def setAccessRights (filename : FilePath) (mode : FileRight) : IO Unit :=
  Prim.setAccessRights filename mode.flags

/-- References -/
abbrev Ref (α : Type) := ST.Ref IO.RealWorld α

instance : MonadLift (ST IO.RealWorld) BaseIO := ⟨id⟩

def mkRef (a : α) : BaseIO (IO.Ref α) :=
  ST.mkRef a

namespace FS
namespace Stream

@[export lean_stream_of_handle]
def ofHandle (h : Handle) : Stream := {
  flush   := Handle.flush h,
  read    := Handle.read h,
  write   := Handle.write h,
  getLine := Handle.getLine h,
  putStr  := Handle.putStr h,
}

structure Buffer where
  data : ByteArray := ByteArray.empty
  pos  : Nat := 0

def ofBuffer (r : Ref Buffer) : Stream := {
  flush   := pure (),
  read    := fun n => r.modifyGet fun b =>
    let data := b.data.extract b.pos (b.pos + n.toNat)
    (data, { b with pos := b.pos + data.size }),
  write   := fun data => r.modify fun b =>
    -- set `exact` to `false` so that repeatedly writing to the stream does not impose quadratic run time
    { b with data := data.copySlice 0 b.data b.pos data.size false, pos := b.pos + data.size },
  getLine := r.modifyGet fun b =>
    let pos := match b.data.findIdx? (start := b.pos) fun u => u == 0 || u = '\n'.toNat.toUInt8 with
      -- include '\n', but not '\0'
      | some pos => if b.data.get! pos == 0 then pos else pos + 1
      | none     => b.data.size
    (String.fromUTF8Unchecked <| b.data.extract b.pos pos, { b with pos := pos }),
  putStr  := fun s => r.modify fun b =>
    let data := s.toUTF8
    { b with data := data.copySlice 0 b.data b.pos data.size false, pos := b.pos + data.size },
}
end Stream

/-- Run action with `stdin` emptied and `stdout+stderr` captured into a `String`. -/
def withIsolatedStreams [Monad m] [MonadFinally m] [MonadLiftT BaseIO m] (x : m α)
    (isolateStderr := true) : m (String × α) := do
  let bIn ← mkRef { : Stream.Buffer }
  let bOut ← mkRef { : Stream.Buffer }
  let r ← withStdin (Stream.ofBuffer bIn) <|
    withStdout (Stream.ofBuffer bOut) <|
      (if isolateStderr then withStderr (Stream.ofBuffer bOut) else id) <|
        x
  let bOut ← liftM (m := BaseIO) bOut.get
  let out := String.fromUTF8Unchecked bOut.data
  pure (out, r)

end FS
end IO

universe u

namespace Lean

/-- Typeclass used for presenting the output of an `#eval` command. -/
class Eval (α : Type u) where
  -- We default `hideUnit` to `true`, but set it to `false` in the direct call from `#eval`
  -- so that `()` output is hidden in chained instances such as for some `IO Unit`.
  -- We take `Unit → α` instead of `α` because ‵α` may contain effectful debugging primitives (e.g., `dbg_trace`)
  eval : (Unit → α) → (hideUnit : Bool := true) → IO Unit

instance [ToString α] : Eval α where
  eval a _ := IO.println (toString (a ()))

instance [Repr α] : Eval α where
  eval a _ := IO.println (repr (a ()))

instance : Eval Unit where
  eval u hideUnit := if hideUnit then pure () else IO.println (repr (u ()))

instance [Eval α] : Eval (IO α) where
  eval x _ := do
    let a ← x ()
    Eval.eval fun _ => a

instance [Eval α] : Eval (BaseIO α) where
  eval x _ := do
    let a ← x ()
    Eval.eval fun _ => a

def runEval [Eval α] (a : Unit → α) : IO (String × Except IO.Error Unit) :=
  IO.FS.withIsolatedStreams (Eval.eval a false |>.toBaseIO)

end Lean

syntax "println! " (interpolatedStr(term) <|> term) : term

macro_rules
  | `(println! $msg:interpolatedStr) => `((IO.println (s! $msg) : IO Unit))
  | `(println! $msg:term)            => `((IO.println $msg : IO Unit))