ProxySQL is a high performance proxy, currently for MySQL and forks (like Percona Server and MariaDB) only. Future versions of ProxySQL will support a variety database backends.
Its development is driven by the lack of open source proxies that provide high performance. Benchmarks can be found at http://www.proxysql.com
Other than standard libraries, required packages, libraries and header files are:
- cmake
- gcc
- glibc-devel
- glibc-headers
- openssl-devel
- openssl-static
- glib2-devel
- zlib-devel
- libffi-devel
ProxySQL also depends from few libraries that are statically linked. To download and compile these libraries, run the follows:
mkdir ProxySQL
cd ProxySQL
wget https://downloads.mariadb.org/interstitial/mariadb-native-client/Source/mariadb-native-client.tar.gz
tar -zxf mariadb-native-client.tar.gz
cd mariadb-native-client
cmake .
make -i
cd ..
wget http://0pointer.de/lennart/projects/libdaemon/libdaemon-0.14.tar.gz
tar -zxf libdaemon-0.14.tar.gz
cd libdaemon-0.14
./configure && make
cd ..
wget http://www.canonware.com/download/jemalloc/jemalloc-3.6.0.tar.bz2
tar -jxf jemalloc-3.6.0.tar.bz2
cd jemalloc-3.6.0
./configure --enable-xmalloc --enable-prof && make
cd ..
wget http://ftp.gnome.org/pub/gnome/sources/glib/2.40/glib-2.40.0.tar.xz
tar -xJf glib-2.40.0.tar.xz
cd glib-2.40.0
./configure --enable-static
make
cd ..After compiling the libraries from the previous section, download and compile ProxySQL running the follows:
wget https://github.com/renecannao/proxysql/archive/master.zip
unzip master.zip
cd proxysql-master/src
makeNote that no configure is available yet. You must check for missing dependencies.
make install is not available yet.
You can manually install proxysql running the follows:
cp proxysql /usr/bin
mkdir /var/run/proxysqlAfter compiling, run ./proxysql_interactive_config.pl that will guide you in the creation of the first configuration file. Once completed, copy the configuration file in /etc/proxysql.cnf .
Usage is the follow:
$ ./proxysql --help
Usage:
proxysql [OPTION...] - High Performance Advanced Proxy for MySQL
Help Options:
-h, --help Show help options
Application Options:
--admin-port Administration port
--mysql-port MySQL proxy port
-c, --config Configuration fileproxysql listens on 3 different TCP ports: 2 of them are configurable via command line arguments:
- --mysql-port specifies the port that mysql clients should connect to
- --admin-port specifies the administration port
The 3rd port not configurable via command line is the monitoring port. Note that this module is not completely implemented yet.
Other option(s):
- --config specifies the configuration file
A configuration file is mandatory. If not specified on the command line it defaults to proxysql.cnf in the current directory if present, or /etc/proxysql.cnf. Currently there is no strong input validation of the configuration file, and wrong parsing of it can cause proxysql to crash at startup. If parsing of config file is successful, proxysql will daemonize
ProxySQL uses two source of configuration:
- a configuration file in key-value format
- a built-in database that stores more advanced configurations and uses tables to define multiple attributes and relations between them. Currently, this is implemented as an SQLite3 database
Configuration file is key-value file , .ini-like config file ( see https://developer.gnome.org/glib/stable/glib-Key-value-file-parser.html for reference ).
Currently 7 groups are available:
- [global] : generic configuration
- [admin] : configuration options related to admin and monitoring interface
- [http] : configuration options related to HTTP servers . Feature not available yet
- [mysql] : configuration options related to handling of mysql connections
- [fundadb] : configuration options for the internal storage used for caching
- [debug] : configuration options related to debugging
- [mysql users] : specify a list of users and their passwords used to connect to mysql servers
stack_size
Specify the stack size used by every thread created in proxysql , in bytes . Default is 524288 ( 512KB ) , minimum is 65536 ( 64KB ) , and maximum is 33554432 (32MB).
Latest versions of ProxySQL use threads pool instead of one thread per connection, therefore the stack size has little memory footprint.
net_buffer_size
Each connection to proxysql creates a so called MySQL data stream. Each MySQL data stream has 2 buffers for recv and send. net_buffer_size defines the size of each of these buffers. Each connection from proxysql to a mysql server needs a MySQL data stream. Each client connection can have a different number of MySQL data streams associated to it, that can range from just one data stream if no connections are established to mysql servers, to N+1 where N is the number of defined hostgroups.
Default is 8192 (8KB), minimum is 1024 (1KB), and maximum is 16777216 (16MB). Increasing this variable can slighly boost performance in case of large dataset, at the cost of additional memory usage.
backlog
Defines the backlog argument of the listen() call. Default is 2000, minimum is 50
core_dump_file_size
Defines the maximum size of a core dump file, to be used to debug crashes. Default is 0 (no core dump).
datadir
Defines the datadir. Not absolute files paths are relative to datadir . Default is /var/run/proxysql .
error_log
Path to error log . Default is proxysql.log
debug
Enable or disable debugging messages if ProxySQL was compiled with support for debug. Boolean parameter (0/1) , where 0 is the default (disabled).
debug_log
Path to debug log . Default is debug.log
pid_file
PID file . Default is proxysql.pid
restart_on_error
When proxysql is executed it forks in 2 processes: an angel process and the proxy itself. If restart_on_error is set to 1 , the angel process will restart the proxy if this one dies unexpectedly
restart_delay
If the proxy process dies unexpectedly and the angel process is configured to restart it (restart_on_error=1), this one pauses restart_delay seconds before restarting. Default is 5, minimum is 0 and maximum is 600 (10 minutes).
proxy_admin_pathdb
It defines the path of the built-in database that stores advanced configurations. Default is proxysql.db
proxy_admin_bind
It defines the IP address that the admin interface will bind to. Default is 0.0.0.0
proxy_admin_port
It defines the administrative port for runtime configuration and statistics. Default is 6032
proxy_admin_user
It defines the user to connect to the admin interface . Default is admin
proxy_admin_password
It defines the password to connect to the admin interface . Default is admin
proxy_admin_refresh_status_interval
ProxySQL doesn't constantly update status variables/tables in the admin interface. These are updates only when read, and up to once every proxy_admin_refresh_status_interval seconds. Default is 600 (10 minutes), minimum is 0 and maximum is 3600 (1 hour).
proxy_monitor_bind
It defines the IP address that the monitor interface will bind to. Default is 0.0.0.0
proxy_monitor_port
It defines the monitoring port for runtime statistics. Default is 6031 . This module is not completely implemented yet
proxy_monitor_user
It defines the user to connect to the monitoring interface . Default is monitor . This module is not completely implemented yet
proxy_monitor_password
It defines the password to connect to the monitoring interface . Default is monitor . This module is not completely implemented yet
proxy_monitor_refresh_status_interval
ProxySQL doesn't constantly update status variables/tables in the monitoring interface. These are updates only when read, and up to once every proxy_monitor_refresh_status_interval seconds. Default is 10, minimum is 0 and maximum is 3600 (1 hour). This module is not completely implemented yet
sync_to_disk_on_flush_command
When sync_to_disk_on_flush_command=1 , in-memory configuration is automatically saved on disk after every FLUSH command. Boolean parameter (0/1) , where 1 is the default (enabled).
sync_to_disk_on_shutdown
When sync_to_disk_on_shutdown=1 , in-memory configuration is automatically saved on disk when the SHUTDOWN command is executed in the admin interface. Boolean parameter (0/1) , where 1 is the default (enabled).
This module is not implemented yet.
mysql_threads
Early versions of ProxySQL used 1 thread per connection, while recent versions use a pool of threads that handle all the connections. Performance improved by 20% for certain workload and an optimized number of threads. This can also drastically reduces the amount of memory uses by ProxySQL. Further optimizations are expected. Default is number-of-CPU-cores X 2 , minimum is 2 and maximum is 128 .
mysql_default_schema
Each connection requires a default schema (database). If a client connects without specifying a schema, mysql_default_schema is applied. It defaults to information_schema.
If you're using mostly one database, specifying a default schema (database) could save a request for each new connection.
proxy_mysql_bind
It defines the IP address that the mysql interface will bind to. Default is 0.0.0.0
proxy_mysql_port
Specifies the port that mysql clients should connect to. Default is 6033.
mysql_socket
ProxySQL can accept connection also through the Unix Domain socket specified in mysql_socket . This socket is usable only if the client and ProxySQL are running on the same server. Benchmark shows that with workloads where all the queries are served from the internal query cache (that is, very fast), Unix Domain socket provides 50% more throughput than TCP socket. Default is /tmp/proxysql.sock
mysql_hostgroups
ProxySQL groups MySQL backends into hostgroups. mysql_hostgroups defines the maximum number of hostgroups. Default is 8, mimimum is 2 (enough for classic read/write split) and maximum is 64 .
mysql_poll_timeout
Each connection to proxysql is handled by a thread that call poll() on all the file descriptors opened. poll() is called with a timeout of mysql_poll_timeout milliseconds. Default is 10000 (10 seconds) and minimum is 100 (0.1 seconds). The same timeout is applied also in the admin interface and in the monitoring interface.
mysql_auto_reconnect_enabled
If a connection to mysql server is dropped because killed or timed out, it automatically reconnects. This feature is very unstable and should not be enabled. Default is 0 (disabled).
mysql_query_cache_enabled
Enable the internal query cache that can be used to cache SELECT statements. Boolean parameter (0/1) , and default is 1 (enabled).
mysql_query_cache_partitions
The internal query cache is divided in several partitions to reduce contentions. Default is 16, minimum is 1 and maximum is 128.
mysql_query_cache_size
It defines the size of the internal query cache, if enabled. Default is 1048576 (1MB), so is its minimum. There is no maximum defined.
mysql_query_cache_precheck
It this option is enabled, the internal query cache is checked for possible resultset for every query even if not configured to be cached. Enabling this option can improved performance if the query cache hit ratio is high, as it prevents the parsing of the queries. Boolean parameter (0/1) , and default is 1 (enabled).
mysql_max_query_size
A query received from a client can be of any length. Although, to optimize memory utilization and to improve performance, only queries with a length smaller than mysql_max_query_size are analyzed and processed. Any query longer than mysql_max_query_size is forwarded to a mysql servers without being processed. That also means that for large queries the query cache is disabled. Default value is 1048576 (1MB), and the maximum length is 16777210 (few bytes less than 16MB).
mysql_max_resultset_size
When the server sends a resultset to proxysql, the resultset is stored internally before being forwarded to the client. mysql_max_resultset_size defines the maximum size of a resultset for being buffered: once a resultset passes this threshold it stops the buffering and triggers a fast forward algorithm. Indirectly, it also defines also the maximum size of a cachable resultset. In future a separate option will be introduced. Default is 1048576 (1MB).
mysql_query_cache_default_timeout
Every cached resultset has a time to live . mysql_query_cache_default_timeout defines the default time to live (in second) for the predefined caching rules when the administrator didn't explicitly configure query rules. Default is 1 seconds.
mysql_server_version
When a client connects to ProxySQL , this introduces itself as mysql version mysql_server_version . The default is "5.1.30" ( first GA release of 5.1 ).
mysql_usage_user and mysql_usage_password
At startup (and in future releases also at regular interval), ProxySQL connects to all the MySQL servers configured to verify connectivity and the status of read_only (this option if used to determine if a server is a master or a slave only during the first automatic configuration: do not rely on this for advanced setup). mysql_usage_user and mysql_usage_password define the username and password that ProxySQL uses to connect to MySQL server. As the name suggests, only USAGE privilege is required. Defaults are mysql_usage_user=proxy and mysql_usage_password=proxy .
mysql_servers
Defines a list of mysql servers to use as backend in the format of hostname:port , separated by ';' . Example : mysql_servers=192.168.1.2:3306;192.168.1.3:3306;192.168.1.4:3306 . No default applies.
Note : this list is used only of the built-in database is not present yet. If the built-in database is already present, this option is ignored.
mysql_connection_pool_enabled
ProxySQL implements its own connection pool to MySQL backends. Boolean parameter (0/1) , where 1 is the default (enabled).
mysql_share_connections
When connection pool is enabled, it is also possible to share connections among clients. Boolean parameter (0/1) , where 0 is the default (disabled).
When this feature is disabled (default) and a connection is assigned to a client, this connection will be used only by that specific client connection and will be never shared. That is: connections to MySQL servers are not shared among client connections . When this feature is enabled, multiple clients can use the same connection to a single backend. This feature is experimental.
mysql_wait_timeout
If connection pool is enabled ( mysql_connection_pool_enabled=1 ) , unused connection (not assigned to any client) are automatically dropped after mysql_wait_timeout seconds. Default is 28800 (8 hours) , minimum is 1 second and maximum is 604800 (1 week). This option must be smaller than mysql variable wait_timeout .
mysql_parse_trx_cmds
ProxySQL can filter unnecessary transaction commands if irrelevant. For example, if a connection sends BEGIN or COMMIT twice without any command in between, the second command is filtered. Boolean parameter (0/1) , where 0 is the default (disabled). This feature is absolutely unstable.
mysql_maintenance_timeout
When a backend server is disabled, only the idle connections are immediately terminated. All the other active connections have up to mysql_maintenance_timeout milliseconds to gracefully shutdown before being terminated. Default is 10000 (10 seconds), minimum is 1000 (1 second) and maximum is 60000 (1 minute).
mysql_poll_timeout_maintenance
When a backend server is disabled, poll() timeout is mysql_poll_timeout_maintenance instead of mysql_poll_timeout. Also this variable is in milliseconds. Default is 100 (0.1 second), minimum is 100 (0.1 second) and maximum is 1000 (1 second).
mysql_query_statistics_enabled
ProxySQL collects queries statistics when enabled. This option can affect performance. Boolean parameter (0/1) , where 0 is the default (disabled).
mysql_query_statistics_interval
This option specifies how often (in seconds) ProxySQL dumps query statistics. Default is 10 (seconds), minimum is 5 and maximum is 600 (10 minutes).
This section includes a list of users and relative password in the form user=password . Users without password are in the form user= . For example:
root=secretpass
webapp=$ecr3t
guest=
test=passwordThis section allows advenced tunings related to the thread responsible to purge the internal query cache. normally there is no need to tune it.
fundadb_hash_purge_time
Total time to purge a hash table, in millisecond. Default is 10000 (10 second), miminum is 100 (0.1 second) and maximum is 600000 (10 minutes)
fundadb_hash_purge_loop
The purge of a hash table is performed in small chunks of time, defined by fundadb_hash_purge_loop . Default is 100 (0.1 second), minimum is 100 (0.1 second) and maximum is 60000 (1 minute)
fundadb_hash_expire_default
fundadb hash default expire in second. This is not relevant as every entry in the internal query always have an explicit timeout.
fundadb_hash_purge_threshold_pct_min
Minimum percentage of memory usage that triggers normal purge. No purge is performed if memory usage is below this threshold. Default is 50 (%), minimum is 0, maximum is 90.
fundadb_hash_purge_threshold_pct_max
Maximum percentage of memory usage that triggers normal purge. Aggressive purging is performed if memory usage is above this threshold. Default is 90 (%), minimum is 50, maximum is 100.
See above for an example of how to download and compile ProxySQL
To try proxysql we can use a standalone mysqld instance, or a small replication cluster for better testing. To quickly create a small replication environment you can use MySQL Sandbox:
rene@voyager:~$ make_replication_sandbox mysql_binaries/mysql-5.5.34-linux2.6-i686.tar.gz
installing and starting master
installing slave 1
installing slave 2
starting slave 1
.... sandbox server started
starting slave 2
.... sandbox server started
initializing slave 1
initializing slave 2
replication directory installed in $HOME/sandboxes/rsandbox_mysql-5_5_34Now that the cluster is installed, verify on which ports are listening the various mysqld processes:
rene@voyager:~$ cd sandboxes/rsandbox_mysql-5_5_34
rene@voyager:~/sandboxes/rsandbox_mysql-5_5_34$ cat default_connection.json
{
"master":
{
"host": "127.0.0.1",
"port": "23389",
"socket": "/tmp/mysql_sandbox23389.sock",
"username": "msandbox@127.%",
"password": "msandbox"
}
,
"node1":
{
"host": "127.0.0.1",
"port": "23390",
"socket": "/tmp/mysql_sandbox23390.sock",
"username": "msandbox@127.%",
"password": "msandbox"
}
,
"node2":
{
"host": "127.0.0.1",
"port": "23391",
"socket": "/tmp/mysql_sandbox23391.sock",
"username": "msandbox@127.%",
"password": "msandbox"
}
}The mysqld processes are listening on port 23389 (master) and 23390 and 23391 (slaves).
ProxySQL doesn't have an example configuration file. Create a new one named proxysql.cnf using the follow sample:
[global]
datadir=/home/rene/ProxySQL/proxysql-master/src
[mysql]
mysql_usage_user=proxy
mysql_usage_password=proxy
mysql_servers=127.0.0.1:23389;127.0.0.1:23390;127.0.0.1:23391
mysql_default_schema=information_schema
mysql_connection_pool_enabled=1
mysql_max_resultset_size=1048576
mysql_max_query_size=1048576
mysql_query_cache_enabled=1
mysql_query_cache_partitions=16
mysql_query_cache_default_timeout=30
[mysql users]
msandbox=msandbox
test=passwordNote the [global] section is mandatory even if unused.
We configured ProxySQL to use 3 users:
- proxy : this user needs only USAGE privileges, and it is used to verify that the server is alive and the value of read_only
- msandbox and test : these are two normal users that application can use to connect to mysqld through the proxy
User msandbox is already there, so only users proxy and test needs to be created. For example:
rene@voyager:~$ mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -pmsandbox -P23389 -e "GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'proxy'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'proxy'";
rene@voyager:~$ mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -pmsandbox -P23389 -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'test'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'";When ProxySQL is executed for the first time (or when there are no built-in database database available), ProxySQL distinguishes masters from slaves only checking the global variables read_only. This means that you must configure the slaves with read_only=ON or ProxySQL will send DML to them as well. Note that this make ProxySQL suitable for multi-master environments using clustering solution like NDB and Galera.
Verify the status of read_only on all servers:
rene@voyager:~$ for p in 23389 23390 23391 ; do mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -pmsandbox -P$p -B -N -e "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'read_only'" ; done
read_only OFF
read_only OFF
read_only OFFChange read_only on slaves:
rene@voyager:~$ for p in 23390 23391 ; do mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -pmsandbox -P$p -B -N -e "SET GLOBAL read_only=ON" ; doneVerify again the status of read_only on all servers:
rene@voyager:~$ for p in 23389 23390 23391 ; do mysql -h 127.0.0.1 -u root -pmsandbox -P$p -B -N -e "SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'read_only'" ; done
read_only OFF
read_only ON
read_only ONProxySQL is now ready to be executed:
rene@voyager:~/ProxySQL/proxysql-master/src$ ./proxysql Note that ProxySQL will run fork into 2 processes, an angel process and the proxy itself:
rene@voyager:~/ProxySQL/proxysql-master/src$ ps aux | grep proxysql
rene 31007 0.0 0.0 32072 904 ? S 08:03 0:00 ./proxysql
rene 31008 0.0 0.0 235964 2336 ? Sl 08:03 0:00 ./proxysqlYou can now connect to ProxySQL running any mysql client. For example:
rene@voyager:~$ mysql -u msandbox -pmsandbox -h 127.0.0.1 -P6033
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3060194112
Server version: 5.1.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> An acute observer can immediately understand that we aren't connected directly to MySQL, but to ProxySQL . A less acute observer can probably understand it from the next output:
mysql> \s
--------------
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.34, for debian-linux-gnu (i686) using readline 6.2
Connection id: 3060194112
Current database: information_schema
Current user: msandbox@localhost
SSL: Not in use
Current pager: stdout
Using outfile: ''
Using delimiter: ;
Server version: 5.1.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Protocol version: 10
Connection: 127.0.0.1 via TCP/IP
Server characterset: latin1
Db characterset: utf8
Client characterset: latin1
Conn. characterset: latin1
TCP port: 6033
Uptime: 51 min 56 sec
Threads: 4 Questions: 342 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 70 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 63 Queries per second avg: 0.109
--------------
mysql>Did you notice it now? If not, note that line:
Server version: 5.1.30 MySQL Community Server (GPL)We installed MySQL 5.5.34 , but the client says 5.1.30 . This because during the authentication phase ProxySQL introduces itself as MySQL version 5.1.30 . This is configurable via parameter mysql_server_version . Note: ProxySQL doesn't use the real version of the backends because it is possible to run backends with different versions.
Additionally, mysql says that the current database is information_schema while we didn't specify any during the connection.
On which server are we connected now? Because of read/write split, it is not always possible to answer this question. What we know is that:
- SELECT statements without FOR UPDATE are sent to the slaves ( and also to the master if mysql_use_masters_for_reads=1 , by default ) ;
- SELECT statements with FOR UPDATE are sent to a master ;
- any other statement is sent to the master only ;
- SELECT statements without FOR UPDATE are cached .
Let try to understand to which server are we connected running the follow:
mysql> SELECT @@port;
+--------+
| @@port |
+--------+
| 23391 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)We are connected on server using port 23391 . This information is true only the first time we run it. In fact, if we run the same query from another connection we will get the same result because this query is cached. Also, if we disconnect the client and reconnect again, the above query will return the same result also after the cache is invalidated. Why? ProxySQL implement connection pooling, and a if a client connection to the proxy is close the backend connection will be reused by the next client connection.
To verify the effect of the cache, it is enough to run the follow commands:
mysql> SELECT NOW();
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2013-11-20 17:55:25 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT @@port;
+--------+
| @@port |
+--------+
| 23391 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT NOW();
+---------------------+
| NOW() |
+---------------------+
| 2013-11-20 17:55:25 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)The resultset of "SELECT NOW()" doesn't change with time. Probably this is not what you want.
The follow is an example of how to test R/W split .
Write on master:
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> use test
Database changed
mysql> CREATE table tbl1 (id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)
mysql> insert into tbl1 values (1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)Read from a slave:
mysql> SELECT * FROM tbl1;
+------+
| id |
+------+
| 1 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)The follow query retrieves also @@port, so we can verify it is executed on a slave:
mysql> SELECT @@port, t.* FROM tbl1 t;
+--------+------+
| @@port | id |
+--------+------+
| 23391 | 1 |
+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)To force a read from master, we must specify FOR UPDATE:
mysql> SELECT @@port, t.* FROM tbl1 t FOR UPDATE;
+--------+------+
| @@port | id |
+--------+------+
| 23389 | 1 |
+--------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)